Final Apes Test
Terms
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- This soil horizon contains mostly leaf litter
- O
- This soil horizon contains top soil
- A
- This soil horizon contains sub soil
- B
- This soil horizon sometimes comes between A and B
- E
- This soil horizon contains bedrock
- C
- This soil horizon is a zone of leaching and it looks white.
- E
- this soil horizon is found mostly in mature, oild soils which have been undisturbed for at least a century
- E
- this is when nutrients and water first break the surface of soil
- infiltration
- this is when water moves farther down into soil
- percolation
- this is when minerals and metals move down through the soil
- leaching
- this is a mixture of soil size particles
- loam
- this type of soil is separated into easily seen grains
- coarse sand
- in this, grains can be seen and felt
- sand
- in this, can't see grains
- silt
- this interacts with everything and feels sticky
- clay
- thisis a measure of volume of pores (spaces) per colume of soil and average distance between those spaces.
- porosity
- this is the most porous soil type
- clay
- this is the ability of water or air to move down in soil
- permability
- this has high permeability, this has low
- sand, clay
- this soil structure drains water the best
- prismatic
- this is the worst draining soil structure. it's found at the bottom of lakes, puddles, etc
- platy
- this is created by tilling at the same depth every year. it can be as hard as concrete
- frigapan
- this is the ability to cultivate of a soil
- workability
- this effects the uptake of any nutrient. but esp nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
- ph
- this speeds up the decomposition of organic matter
- lime
- this is the organic content of soil
- humus
- in this type of soil, plants take up toxic metals. they die of toxicity
- acid
- the two main agents of soil erosion are
- water and wind
- anything removing vegetation increased ---
- erosion
- this is when surgace water moves down a slope across a field in a wide flow and peels off uniform sheets of soil. it's hard to detect b/c it's so uniform
- sheet erosion
- this is the most common form of erosion. soil is removed by water from little streamlets running through land with poor surgace draining. often found between crop rows
- rill erosion
- larger than rills and can't be fixed by tillage
- gully erosion
- in this, water erosion is prevented by placing large stone on soil
- rip rap
- this is a best management practive to stop erosion. you cover large areas with ash and cinders
- crush and run
- farm erosion is ---x to---x faster than renewal rate. in this sense, soil is a nonrenewable resource
- 7-100
- this creates the highest rates of erosion
- construction
- this is when land is plowed and soil turned by a v shapedplow. it's done in fall and erodes in winter and early spring before planting. due harsh winter climate
- conventional tillage farming
- this is land tillage which breaks and loosens subsurface soil without turning topsoil over.
- conservative tillage
- this is a form of tilling which merely slices through soil without moving it around.
- disking
- machines inject seeds, fertilizers, and weed killers into slits of unplowed soil
- no till farming
- a series of broad steps built so they run across the contour of land reducing runoff and retaining water
- terracing on slopes
- this is planting and plowing in rows across at perpindicular angles rather than up and down a slope. each row acts as a small dam
- contour farming
- planting a row of crops like corn alternating in strips with another crop that covers the soil
- strip cropping (intercropping)
- trees and crops planted together
- ally cropping (agroforestry)
- on sloping land, quick growing plants can be grown to fix this
- gully reclamation
- channels can be built to redirect flow of water to areas that drain better to fix this
- gully reclamation
- these reduce win erosion, provide wood fuel and habitat for birds
- wind breaks/ shelterbeds
- this has been added to irrigation water which binds to positively charged clay particles and increases the cohesiveness of clay particles
- PAM- polyacrylamide
- this is an organic manure, fresh vegetation turned into the soil
- green manure
- this is grass clippings, weeds, animal manure, kitchen scraps, dead leaves, hay, straw, sawdust, topsoil
- compost
- state of the art landfills accept waste for this long
- 10 to 40 years
- owners maintain landfills for this long after closing them
- 30 years
- local fills are now being replaced by larger
- regional landfills
- large undergound facility built to permanently store materials
- out of sight hazardous waste disposal
- 2 story building with no wastes on the first floor
- in sight hazmat management
- this substance bioaccumulates. 10% is excreted, but the rest remains in your bones l
- lead
- this is a neurotoxin and affects everythign nerve related
- lead
- these are a family of chlorinated hydrocarbons formed as by products of chemical reactions. persistent in soil and fat tissues
- dioxin
- these, also known as these, are carcinogens, but don't damage DNA directly. they promote other carcinogens, thus causing a variety of cancers rather than one type
- TCDD, or dioxins
- this act was passed in 1976 and created the EPA. it identified and set hazardous waste management
- RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act)
- this Act also provides financial aid for states that establish waste management programs
- RCRA
- this reguires companies that store, treat, or dispose of 220 lbs of hazardous wastes per month. they must have a permit stating how they are managed, and keep a cradle to grave log of point of origin to approved offsite disposal
- RCRA
- created in 1980, this, also known as this, established a federal and state tax fund of 16.3 billion to ID and clean up abandoned hazardous waste sites.
- Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund Act)
- nuclear power started to use because of --- movement
- atoms for peace
- this is the kind of reactor shearon harris is
- PWR (Pressurized Water REactor)
- PWR use --- neutrons, because they are more likely to fission U 235
- slowed
- heavy water
- deuterium
- how many rods per fuel assembly?
- 200
- this can be moved up or down over the fuel assembly to effect the rate of neutron absorption
- control rod
- these keep fuel assemblies from interacting with each other, thereby avoiding nuclear explosions
- control rods
- the core
- reactor vessel where reactors are housed
- this is also in the reactor vessel
- primary cooling system
- gravity pools
- foolproof emergency cooling system
- BWR
- boiling water reactor
- this uses the same concept as a PWR, but uses control rods at the bottom of a reactor
- BWR
- this type of reactor has no cooling tower, instead using a lake
- BWR
- this is cheaper than a PWR
- BWR
- containment buildings are made of 3-5 inch thick walls made of this
- steel, plus several feet of concrete