APES 2nd Semester test 1
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
-
towns or cities with populations of 2500+ per sq mile.
some countries set the minimum at 10,000 or 50,000. - urban areas
- the percentage of a population living in urban areas
- a country's urbanization
- rate of increase of urban populations
- urban growth
- 1 million + people, some 400 exist today
- large cities
- 10 million + people, 19 exist today
- megacities
- 2 ways for urban population growth
- natural growth, immigration
- 3 models of urban development
- concentric circle model, sector model, mulitple nuclei model
- city develops in a series of rings around a central business district. housing zones become more affluent towards the suburbs
- concentric circle model
- grows in pie wedges. cbd in center. industrial sector and housing are always opposite.
- sector model
- city develops around a number of cbds
- multiple nuclei model
- as cities spread outward, they can merge to form these
- megaloplis
- urban sprawl
- megalopolis
- city with a high waste society
- linear metabolism
- recycling society, more sustainable
- circular metabolism
- in these, the temperature can be as much as 6 degrees warmer
- urban heat islands
- 3 types of rail systems
- rapid rail, suburban or regional trains, light rail system
- metros, subways, have exclusive tracks
- rapid rail
- regional trains that connect the central city with surrounding areas or provide transportation between major cities
- suburban or regional trains
- trolleys or trains that run with traffic or can be exclusive
- light rail system
- 2 kinds of ionizing radiation we're exposed to
-
natural, back ground sources
from human activities - cosmic rays, soil, rocks, air, water, food are sources of
- natural background radiation
- x rays and treatments using radioactive isotopes are
- sources of radiation from human activities
- ionizing radiation can cause harm by
-
penetrating a human cell
knocking loose (ionizing) 1+ electrons from a cellular chemical
altering molecules needed for normal cell fxning. - ionizing radiation causes damage in 2 ways
-
genetic damage
somatic damage - this causes mutations in the dna, is passed on and affects the next generation
- genetic damage
- damage to tissues. causes harm in the victim's lifetime. ie, miscarriage, burns, eye cataracts, some cancers
- somatic damage
- isotopes with these sorts of half lives cause the most damage
- intermediate
- alpha particles cause harm in these ways
-
on the inside, very badly
outside, causes skin cancer - what's the difference from beta particles inside or outside the body?
- no difference. both are shitty.
- emfs are found in
- overhead power lines, electrical applicances
- emfs increase the risk for
-
come cancer
miscarriage
birth defects
alzheimer's disease - useful application of radioisotopes?
-
radiocarbon dating
tracers in polltn detxn, ag, industry
nuclear medicine
kill cancer cells - stress in crust causes solid rock to deform, suddenly fracture, and shift along the fracture. later abrupt movement on this causes earthquake
- fault
- pt of initial movement in an earthquake
- focus
- pt on surface directly above focus
- epicenter
- measure of the amount of energy released by earthquake. indicated by amplitude of vibrations when they reach seismograph
- magnitue
- population change=
- (births + immigration)-(deaths +emigration)
- annual rate of natural popltn change (%) =
- (birth rate-death rate)/10
- world's popltn will double in .... years
- 52
- number of children a couple must bear to replace themselves
- replacement level fertility
- estijmated average number of children a woman will have between 15 and 49 if she bears children at same rate women did this year
- total fertility rate
- infant mortality is a good indicator of quality of life because it indicated both
- level of nutrition and healthcare
- as countries industrialize, first death rates, then birth rates decline in 4 stages
- demographic transition
- bad living conditions, high birth rate, high death rate, little popltn growth
- pre industrial stage
- industrialization. begin food prodxn increase, health care improves, death rates decrease, birth rates increase. popltn grows rapidly and 2-3% per year
- transition stage
- industrialization is widespread. birth rates decrease, approach death rates ,be/c more birth control, lower infant mortality, more jobs for women, children are expensive
- industrial stage
- birth rates decine, equals death rate. zero popltn growth
- postindustral stage
- popltn growth surpasses economic growth and local life support sustems
- demographic trap
- based on the assumption that future popltn and economic growth should be encouraged. increases property taxes
- land use planning
- takes into account geological, ecological, economic, health, and social factors. is costly.
- ecological land use
- mix of perennial grasses, legumes, sunflowers, grain crops, plants providing natl insecticides
- polyculture
- monoculture, in developed countries
- industrialized ag, high input ag
- industrialized ag in tropical developing countries. ash crops, bananas, coffee, soybeans, cane, cocoa, veg
- plantation ag
- tradiational subsistence ag, human labor and gradt animals. enough good for farm family's survival. shifting cultivation. nomadic livestock herding
- traditional ag, low input
- traditional intensive ag
- add h20 and fertilizer. leaves enough to sell
- 1st green revltn
- 1950-1970
- 2nd green revltn
- 1967 on
- tradtnl planters grow several crops on one plot
- interplanting
- plant with several varieties of one crop
- polyvarietal cultivation
- 2+ crops grow at same time on same plot
- intercropping
- crops planted with trees
- agroforestry, alley cropping
- many plants mature at diff times planted together
- polyculture low input
- ppl can't buy enough food to meet basic energy needs chronic when get less than 90% minimum daily calorie intake on a long term basis
-
undernourishment.
less than 80% is seriously undernourished - ppl living on high carb, low protein diet
- malnutrition
- diet low in calories and protein. nursing babies with malnourished moms. means to waste away. can be reversed
- marasmus
- protein deficiency in babies. arrival of new child deprives them of breast milk. means displaced child
- kwashiorkor
- causes blindness
- not enough vitamin a
- causes anemia
- not enough iron
- causes thyroid probs, goiter
- not enougn iodine
- demersal
- flatfish species
- herrings, sardines, anchovies
- pelagic
- 15 m below surgace, 55 km long
- drift net fishing
- bottom dwelling
- demersal
- surface dwelling
- pelagic
- fish ranching
- hold anadromous species like salmonin captivity, release, they come back, harvest adults when return to spawn
- any species that competes with us for food, invades lawns and gardens, destoys wood in houses, spreads disease, or is a nuisance
- pest
-
95% organically produced ingredients
not genetically engineered.
can't be irradiated
can't be grown on land fertilized by sewage sludge - usda "organic"
- nematocides
- round worm killers
- toxic to many species
- broad spectrum agents
- pt when econ losses caused by pest fdamage outweigh cost of applying pesitide
- economic threshhold