zoology, 1st test

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motile methods: pseudopodia, flagella, cilia
zooplankton: animal-like (protozoa)
gametes: Reproductive cells developed from precursor cells in ovaries and testes
compartments: inside & outside
Natural Selection: 1. genetic variation, 2. struggle for survival, 3. survival of the fittest
high power magnification: 10 X 40
sickle cell anemia: caused by having 2 genes of a certain type; if you have only 1 of those genes, you are protected from malaria
2 Billion years ago: eukaryote cells appear
types of sexual reproduction: dioecious, protandry, sexual dimorphism, monoecious, parthenogenesis
Trichomonas: flagellate; usually asymptomatic; most common STD in the U.S.; can live in mouth or sex organs
invagination: the folding in of an outer layer so as to form a pocket in the surface
magnification levels: scanning, low power, high power
iris diaphragm: dohickey under mechanical stage that changes light level slightly
some ciliates: paramecium, euplotes, vorticella
euplotes: ciliates XXXX; with cilia welded into spines
pseudopodia: "false feet"
mass extinction: we are in a time of mass extinction at the same level or higher than the extinction of the dinosaurs
endocrine system: produces hormones
nervous system: reflexes, quick responses, sense organs
bipinnaria: an elongated larva that bulges at both ends, w/ a curving digestive tract w/ mouth and anus, & bands of cilia encircling the larva; ex. starfish slide
revolving nosepiece: whirlygig holding the objective lenses
amoeba: " to change form"; use "false feet" to move; aquatic; simplest in terms of structure; many have shells; only Protozoan group to leave extensive fossil record; some are parasitic
cleavage: 1st identifiable period of embryonic development occurs as the egg begins to divide; each cell produced in this early stage is a blastomere
aerobic: breathe oxygen
theory AKA natural law: not a hypothesis, has been investigated & experimented w/ many times & has never been disproven
growth: A biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually fom a simple to a more complex level.
trochophore: a top-shaped larva w/ a digestive tract beginning at the mouth and terminating in an anus. tufts of cilia are found at each end & bands of cilia surround the wider central area of the larva; ex. Patella slide
primary germ layers: 3 layers of specialized cells that give rise to definite structures as the embryo develops
condenser & lens: under the mechanical stage
minerals & atoms: rocks
longest lifespan, mammals: humans
metabolism: non-random, organized chemical reactions
having similar larvae: implies similar ancestry; indicating that the phyla are relatively closely related
phytoplankton: plant-like (algae)
vestigial: no longer used ex. appendix, tailbone, wisdom teeth
muscular system: unique to animals, produces all body movement, some animals have sheets & layers, humans have bands
power switch: on microscope lower left of base, turns on & off light source
ovaries: female reproductive organs
Giardia: flagellate; can be asymptomatic; causes "traveler's diarrhea"; spread by contaminated food or water; resistant to chlorine, can live in pools & hot tubs
struggle for survival: some things are better equipped to survive
requirements of life: liquid water, temp range, salt/water concentration, nutrients & energy, free O2 gas, pressure range, eliminate wastes, ph range, gravity
primitive streak: stage after formation of a blastocyst. a slit forms in the center of the sheet of cells & cells migrate into the slit & under the original layer of cells to create a double layered disc. ex. 18 hour chick
smallest animal: phylum w/ 1 animal made of 100 cells
low power magnification: 10 X 10
600 Million years ago: Cambrian Explosion
coordinate & control: endocrine & nervous system
endoskeleton: inside of, grows w/ the body; downside is it is not as good at protecting the body, though still effective
apicomplexa: non-motile; all are parasites
mus sp.: refers to a mouse of no particular species
fossil forms: support evolution
developmental cycle: the sequence of discrete, recognizable stages that an organism passes through as it develops from the formation of a zygote to the sexually mature adult
4 main categories of protozoa: 1. amoebas, 2. flagellates, 3. ciliates, 4. apicomplexa
testes: male reproductive organs
Cambrian Explosion: 600m years ago, major event, went from almost no animals to almost everything that exists today b/c levels of free oxygen rose to levels similar to today; ice started melting, warm shallow oceans; life started to appear; 1st appearance of skeletons, shells, hard body parts
compound microscope: the main one we use, 4 levels of magnification
organ systems: groups of organs w/ a common purpose, ex. digestive, respiratory, circulatory
types of muscle tissue: striated, smooth, cardiac
toxoplasm: apicomplexa; intestinal parasite that is found in cat feces; pregnant women are warned to avoid contact w/ cat litter
polyembryony: AKA twinning; the embryo or larva itself splits into separate individuals. in some parasitic animals the embryo is able to clone copies of itself. this allows a single egg to produce 1000s of potential individuals & enhances chances that at least a few will be able to find a new host to complete their lifecycle. occurs occasionally in humans to produce identical twins.
largest animal: blue whale
some apicomplexa: plasmodium, toxoplasm
blastopore: eventually becomes either the anus or the mouth
properties of life: 1. unique chemical structure, 2. hierarchical complexity, 3. compartments, 4. genetic program, 5. chemical reactions, 6. reproduction, 7. development & growth, 8. environmental interaction, 9. evolution & adaptation
longest lifespan, general: some corals, sponges
eugentia: XXX
sessile: attached, don't move around on their own, still move internally
DNA variation timetable: we can estimate the rate to get a timetable of evolution
evolution: most important basic idea in biology; stresses the relatedness of all life; difficult to see b/c it happens so slowly over time
ciliates: most common group in fresh water; move using cilia; some of the largest Protozoa; have many organelles; very few are colonial; very few are parasites
pupa: an insect in the inactive stage of development (when it is not feeding) intermediate between larva and adult
species: individuals that can successfully breed and reproduce in nature
types of asexual reproduction: budding, regeneration, fragmentation, polyembryony
genetic program: both DNA and RNA
excretory system: used to remove metabolic waste (kidneys)
longest lifespan, vertebrates: sea tortoise, land turtles
7.4 ph: blood, 7 or 7.8 is fatal for humans
Entamoeba: amoeba found in human mouths, often present in people w/ gum disease
species names: all are binomial, genus (capitalized) and species epithet, italicized or underlined
mitosis: 1. the process in cell division by which the nucleus divides, normally resulting in two new nuclei, each of which contains a complete copy of the parental chromosomes 2. the entire process of cell division including division of the nucleus and the cytoplasm
general characteristics of animals: 1. largest & most diverse kingdom, 2. all multicellular, 3. motile, 4. energy stored as fats & oils, 5. most have true tissues, most have organs & organs systems, all reproduce, complex development
blastocoel: the fluid-filled cavity inside a blastula
Charles Darwin: biologist on the HMS Beagle, evolution, natural selection
Da Vinci: said fossils were the remains of old animals
some flagellates: eugentia (sp?); pyrsonympha; trypanosoma; chugus; giardia; trichomonas; choanoflagellates
parts of a microscope: ocular, condenser & lens, iris diaphragm, coarse & fine focus knobs, mechanical stage, condenser focus knob, power switch, revolving nosepiece, objective lens, light source
types of organ systems: skin, skeletal, muscular, digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, nervous, endocrine, immune, reproductive
single-celled animal: no such thing
dissecting microscope: light microscope used for low magnifications and larger objects
shortest lifespan: small mammals w/ high metabolism
reproductive system: generally set up for sexual reproduction; male and/or female
zygote: the cell resulting from the union of an ovum and a spermatozoon (including the organism that develops from that cell)
adaptation & evolution: all life adapts and evolves
larva: the immature free-living form of most invertebrates and amphibians and fish which at hatching from the egg is fundamentally unlike its parent and must metamorphose; esp. marine animals
budding: new offspring begins as an outgrowth of the parent & may either remain attached & form a colony or break away & begin an independent life; ex. hydra, tapeworm
colonial: like to hang out together
types of symbioses: mutualistic, commensalistic, parasitic
fats store energy: 2x as efficiently as starches
respiratory system: takes in oxygen (lungs, gills, trachea); gets rid of CO2; also used by some to make sound
digestive system: heterotrophs must eat food to get nutrients, must collect food (many diff. ways); must digest food ex. teeth, rocks, gizzards, stomach, chemicals & enzymes; must absorb nutrients, usually in the intestine
connective tissue: matrix & fibers, if it doesn't look like the other 3; stores stuff (fat, calcium), carries stuff (blood), supports (bone)
free O2 gas: requirement for aerobic animals
paramecium: A ciliated (it propels itself via cilia) protist that lives in fresh water and eats other tiny organisms for food.
XXXX: causes amoebic dysentary; only found in humans; spread through infected water & food; often asymptomatic
animal kingdom: largest & most diverse kingdom on earth, 2/3 of all species on earth
trypanosoma: flagellate that causes 'sleeping sickness'; spread by Tse Tse fly; affects lymphatic system, then nervous system; eventually possible coma & death
parthenogenesis: "virgin birth" - only regularly occurs in nonhuman animals. unfertilized egg is able to develop. ex. most rotifers, brine shrimp, some social insects, such as bees & ants, some higher animals, such as fish and frogs sometimes do this
unidentified: most of all forms of life are...
endoderm: the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems
objective lenses: 4 lenses of different magnifications
scientific method: 1. world can only be explained by natural laws, 2. any idea must be able to be disproven
planula: a single multicellular, oval larva w/ no discernible organs; its surface is covered w/ cilia; ex. Aurelia slide
blastocyst: if embryo is a flattened disc, equivalent to blastula - next stage is primitive streak
vorticella: ciliate; any of various protozoa having a transparent goblet-shaped body with a retractile stalk
protozoa: "before animals"; no cell walls; most motile; most heterotrophs; most unicellular; some colonial; most microscopic; some are free-living; some are symbiotic
Wallace: scientist who also (Darwin) came up with idea of Natural Selection
longest animal: nemertine worm, jellyfish tentacles
James Ussher: attempted to find age of earth by calculating from biblical records
environmental interaction: breathing, eating, symbiosis, habitat
mitochondria: burn energy, energy factories
Aristotle: 1st major biologist, named & described about 500 different animals
nutrients & energy: heterotrophs & autotrophs
gametogenesis: the process of gamete formation which involves the reduction of the chromosome number by half
chemistry: the study of atoms, elements, chemicals
4 Billion years ago: bacteria appear
mechanical stage: flat part in the middle of microscope; where you put slides
troph: active, feeding stage of protozoan lifecycle
unicellular: single celled
some amoebas: Entamoeba, Entamoeba histolytica
unique chemical structure: diff. kinds of molecules, hooked together in diff. ways, interact in diff. ways - even simplest organism is made up of 12m atoms, 1200 molecules
viruses: have either DNA or RNA, not both
John Lightfoot: said earth created at 9AM on 24 October 4004 BC
histology: study of tissues
cyst: inactive, resting stage of protozoan lifecycle
nymph: immature stages of animals that at least somewhat resemble the adult of the species & that live and feed independently; ex. preserved: mayfly, dragonfly, stonefly
blastula: if embryo is spherical, equivalent to blastocyst
cells: most basic compartment
morula: continued division of cells leads to a solid ball of cells called this
embryonic development: Process which includes fertilization, mitotic divisions, and cellular differentiation.
nervous tissue: has long, thin threads, looks like electrical wires, conducts impulses
DNA: library, genes, instructions
stages of embryonic development: growth, determination, differentiation, morphogenesis
eukaryote: cell w/ nucleus and organelles; found wherever there is water, even just dampness; important part of plankton
prokaryote: a small, simple cell which does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles
pressure range: near 1 Atmosphere, 14 lbs PSI - sea level; if much less, there is not enough oxygen to breathe; if too high, pushes lungs which releases gases into bloodstream
ectoderm: the outer germ layer that develops into skin and nervous tissue
skeletal system: exo or endo or hydrostatic
homeostasis: maintain constant inside environment regardless of the outside environment
bio-chemistry: study of molecules
stages of animal developmental cycle: gametogenesis, fertilization, embryonic development, post embryonic development
eliminate wastes: metabolism makes waste which must be expelled from the organism
complex development: stages of growth from beginning to maturity
types of epithelial tissue: squamous, cuboidal, columnar, stratified
tissues: make up most animals & plants - groups of cells performing a common function
flagellates: move using flagella; are unrelated to each other; many are symbiotic; relatively simple design; common in stagnant water
Choanoflagellates: flagellate; group of Protozoa that is most closely related to the animal kingdom; gave rise to sponges
magnification: the act of expanding something in apparent size
heterotroph: other feeding - get nutrients from food
differentiation: Process in which cells become specialized in structure and function.
identify on sperm: head, middle piece, tail (flagellum)
coarse focus knob: the inside part of the big knob on microscope stand that raises & lowers the mechanical stage
hydrostatic skeleton: uses fluid pressure to provide support, ex. earthworms
areolar: "glue" to hold other tissues together
Nauplius: a triangular larva w/ 3 pairs of jointed appendages, eyespots, and digestive organs; ex. barnacle slide
circulatory system: moves things around the body quickly
morphogenesis: the process by which an animal takes shape and the differentiated cells end up in the appropriate locations
organs: groups of tissues performing a common function, ex. stomach, heart, lungs
fertilization: creation by the physical union of male and female gametes
types of connective tissue: areolar, adipose, bone, cartilage, vascular
protandry: the ability of some animals to switch their sex based on environmental cues such as changes in temperature; ex. Crepidula shells
some developmental stages: embryo, fetus, larva, pupa, nymph
human anatomy & physiology: study of organ systems
immune system: every organ is a part of it; helps protect the body and fight disease
cellular biology: study of cells
meiosis: cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
fragmentation: some animals spontaneously break into many separate pieces which then regrow into a complete animal
methods used to try to find age of earth: biblical records, temperature of earth, DNA variation estimates
lifecycle of a protozoa: troph, cyst
parasitic: 2 organisms together, 1 benefits, 1 is harmed; ex. follicle mites on dogs cause mange
liquid water: 0-100 C, 32-212 F
motile: move around, internal or external movement, ex. running, jumping, flying, walking, swimming, crawling
insects: largest group of animals
dioecious: organisms that produce either male or female reproductive organs and gametes, but never both at the same time
identify on egg: cell membrane, nucleus, nucleolus
binomial: two-word
fetus: in addition to embryonic development, vertebrates produce an immature stage that does not resemble the adult but that is usually completely dependent on the mother for nutrition & protection; ex. human, shark, kitten, rabbit, pig
archenteron: central cavity of the gastrula
temperature range: 0-100 C
development & growth: several stages, ex. larval, pupal, fetal, etc.
exoskeleton: outside of, downside is limited growth, must shed it and grow new one to get bigger; ex. insects, crabs
John Baptiste LaMark 1809: said organisms change by passing on acquired characteristics; use and disuse of parts; gets credit for his attempt to explain how things change over time even though he was wrong
salt/water concentration: near 3%
Linnaeus: 1750s came up with hierarchy of taxonomy, cataloged animals and plants, 1st to try to give simple, consistent names to things
taxonomy: science of naming things, common names aren't sufficient to identify what specifically you are talking about
sexual reproduction: makes genetically unique individuals, need male and female (parents), natural selection
stem cells: undifferentiated cells, can turn into any of the other 4 types of tissue
blastomere: any cell resulting from cleavage of a fertilized egg
commensalistic: 2 organisms found together, only 1 benefits; ex. follicle mites on humans
ph range: near neutral, 7.0 is neutral, above is base, below is acid
chugus disease: flagellate, spread by "kissing bugs" AKA assassin bugs; most dangerous to children & elderly; symtoms like sleeping sickness; kills 50,000 people a year
types of microscopes in our lab: compound, dissecting
vascular: transport of nutrients, waste, oxygen, hormones (blood)
a few million years: very few species last longer than
post embryonic development: in animals the embryo may develop into any of several different forms, some that resemble the adult, some that live and feed independently & others that are completely dependent on the mother for sustenance
embryo: an animal organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that in higher forms merge into fetal stages but in lower forms terminate in commencement of larval life
bone: rigid support
asexual reproduction: makes exact copies, clones, take advantage of favorable environmental conditions, ex. coral, sponges
adipose: fat storage
ocular: eyepiece of microscope
scanning magnification: 10 X 4
jellyfish: alternate between sexual and asexual reproduction between generations
plasmodium: apicomplexa that causes malaria; kills 2M people a year worldwide; chills, headaches, fever - cyclical; takes years to subside & still could come back; not common in the U.S.; related to gene that causes sickle cell anemia
Mus musculus: should be in italics or underlined, means house mouse
cartilage: flexible support
fine focus knob: the outer part of the big knob on microscope stand that subtly raises & lowers mechanical stage
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Calcium, Phosphorus: elements (atoms) that make up almost all living things
determination: The point during development at which a cell becomes committed to a particular fate (sensory, other, etc.). Note that the cell is not differentiated at this point; determination comes before differentiation. Determination can be due to cytoplasmic effects or to induction by neighboring cells.
kingdoms: 7 or 9, plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, protists, viruses, algae, etc.
Protista: kingdom of eukaryote cells
monoecious: hermaphrodite - one organism having sexual organs of both sexes; ex. Clonorchis sinensis; earthworm
genetic variation: every population has it; includes adaptation, ex. antibiotic-resistant bacteria
muscle tissue: long, thin fibers; used for movement (voluntary or involuntary), moves by contracting
pyrsonympha: flagellate found in termites; digests cellulose
RNA: helps interpret genetic instructions
hierarchical complexity: atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, eco-systems
4 main types of tissues: epithelial, muscle, nervous, connective
XXXX: causes amoebic meningitis, which is always fatal
asymptomatic: without symptoms
autotroph: self feeding, sunlight, nutrients in soil
1 Billion years ago: 1st animals appear, very few
light source: illuminator
epithelial tissue: tissue type, covers surfaces (membranes, boundaries), absorbs nutrients, some filters and cleans (blood), some has glands, sometimes has cilia, outsides & insides of organs, sometimes used for support (arthropods)
gastrula: stage after formation of a blastula, a depression forms at one end of the embryo, cells move in to form a saclike pouch. the embryo is now essentially 2-layered. the cavity of this new puch is called the archenteron which is surrounded by the now much smaller blastocoel. ex, starfish development
regeneration: when a body part is broken off accidentally or by a predator it is able to regrow the missing part. ex. starfish
4.5 Billion: earth age
sexual dimorphism: males and females are not identical. in most invertebrates, male is smaller; in most vertebrates, male is bigger; also may result in differences in color and structure between genders; ex. Schistosoma; Ascaris
skin: outer covering of an animal, layer of epithelial tissue, acts as skeleton in insects, some breathe through it, can be used for communication
reproduction: potential to reproduce, sexually or asexually
some types of larvae: planula, trochophore, Nauplius, bipinnaria
hierarchy of taxonomy: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species - same system is used worldwide
mutualistic: both parties gain from association w/ each other; ex. intestinal bacteria

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