Physiology 2
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- In neuron physiology which of the following are true?
- -Fast axonal transport occurs in neurons whether they have myelin sheaths or not (in all axons) - action potentials are produced when graded potentials meet or exceed the threshold potential at the axon hillock (trigger zone) -neurons with smaller diameters conduct action potentials more slowly than neurons with larger diameters -graded potentials can be excitatory or inhibitory -long-term potentiation strengthens synapses -synaptic plasticity occurs thru out life
- Which of the following statements are true concerning Learning & Memory
- -memory is the ability to retain and retrieve previously learned information -hormones such as epinephrine and glucocorticoids play a major role in our ability to learn and form memories -learning that occurs after repeated exposure to a single stimulus (e.g., habituation) is known as non-associative learning -memory can be divided into short and long-term -learning can be divided into associative and non-associative
- maintenance of the body temperature as well as activation of the sympathetic nervous system are two of the many functions of the?
- hypothalamus
- An individual understands language input but has difficulty producing a meaningful response; this is a symptom of _____ caused by damage to the ____
- expressive aphasia Broca's area
- What you are doing in order to read and comprehend this exam is BEST described as?
- Perception
- This neuroglial cell type produces myelin sheaths?
- Schwann cells & oligodendrocyte
- Multiple sclerosis is a pathology that causes?
- breakdown of myelin sheaths
- ____ and ___ are the two glial cell types of the peripheral nervous system
- satellite cells Schwann cells
- Regardning the sodium-potassium pump (Na + K + ATPhase)
- -it works by active transport -it is found on neurons as well as other types -it works by active transport -it transports sodium out of cells and potassium into cells -it is found on cell membranes
- Which of the following is TRUE concerning graded potentials?
- -They can exhibit spatial and temporal summation -They are produced on dendrites -They are proportional to stimulus strength
- Fast axon transport is a mechanism for?
- moving(transferring) cellular components between the cell body and axon terminal
- _____ channels are very common along axons, but____ are very common at axon terminals (synapses)
- voltage -gated ligand-gated
- Which of the following is the correct sequence of events just PRIOR to neurotransmitter release?
- action potential depolarizes axon terminal --> Ca++ entry into cell --> exocytosis of synaptic vesicles
- what is a common neurotransmitter in the CNS as well as the PNS
- acetylcholine (ACh).....norepinephrine
- when two or more graded potentials from different neurons combine?
- spatial summation
- What is true concerning long-term potentiation?
- it uses both Na++ channels and Ca++ channels on the post-synaptic cell
- Saltatory conduction refers to?
- propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons
- the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater are the main structure of the?
- meninges
- regarding the blood-brain barrier
- -one place it is functionally absent is in the hypothalamic-hypophysical portal system(medulla oblongata) between the hypothalamus and pituitary..lacks the posterior pituitary too -it is formed by astrocyte tight junctions around capillaries - gases can diffuse across it, but glucose requires a membrane transporter
- The brainstem primarily is important for?
- regulatory autonomic (involuntary) functions
- Somatosensory tracts are neurons that carry ____, whereas corticospinal tracts are neurons that carry _____
- sensory input to the brain commands to motor neurons
- The structure that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain?
- corpus callosum
- Which of the following tend to be larger in females than in males?
- -brain regions associated with connectivity (e.g. corpus callosum) -brain regions associated with language (e.g. temporal gyrus) -brain surface area "gyrification"
- What demonstrates the spatial orientation is an important feature in our ability to detect and recognize faces?
- The Thatcher effect
- The_____ is involved with sensory integration and filtering whereas the ___ plays a major role in maintenance of homeostasis
- thalamus hypothalamus
- regarding a punctured wound, the initial sensory input is sharp and localized= _____. whereas the more dull, poorly localized, and throbbing sensory input that becomes apparent later =______. Physiologically, these different input are the results of numerous factors including_____.
- fast pain slow pain myelinated vs. unmyelinated axons
- this neuroglial cell type is found only in the Central Nervous System
- -astrocyte -oligodendrocyte -ependymal cell
- ___ is when two or more graded potentials from the same neuron combines
- temporal summation
- What is true concerning long-term potentiation?
- -it involves the neurotransmitter glutamate -it uses both Na+ channels and Ca++ channels on the post-synaptic cell -its main function is to strengthen synapses
- Which of the following is true concerning the resting membrane potentials?
- -all cells have them -they are usually negative (-) -they depend upon intracellular and extracellular concentrations of ions like Na++ and K+
- Which of the following are true concerning action potentials
- - they are only initiated when a change in membrane potential reaches a threshold at the axon hillock
- This animal has been an important research model in neurobiology because of its "giant axon"
- common squid
- Which of the following is the correct sequence of events just prior to neurotransmitter release?
- depolarization of axon terminal--> Ca++ entry into cell --> exocytosis of synaptic vesicles
- Plantar reflex in a 23yr old women is?
- normal
- Sensory coding of stimulus STRENGTH
- the number of action potentials generated
- Sensory coding of stimulus TYPE
- The receptor and pathway activated
- Sensory coding of stimulus LOCATION
- The size of the receptive field activated
- The biggest difference between bird and primate brains is?
- the relative size of the fore brain (cerebral cortex)
- Gate control theory helps to explain
- modulation of painful stimuli by non painful stimuli
- Pacinian corpuseles and Ruffini corpuscles are examples of?
- mechanoreceptors (touch)
- which of the following are true concerning the "placebo effect"
- it is defined as a measurable physiological or psychological change resulting from the administration of an inert substance or procedure
- scientist was one of the first to suggest that specific parts of the brain were responsible for specific cognitive functions and abilities (although he ended up being wrong on the details)
- Franz Gall
- What is the medical condition in which face recognition is impaired?
- Prosopagnosia
- The_____ tract transmit sensory input into the CNS whereas ______ tracts transmit motor commands from the CNS to the PNS
- Somatosensory corticospinal
- Function of the hypothalamus
- -monitoring body tempt -monitoring body osmolarity -trophic hormone secretion for regulating hormone release from the anterior pituitary
- Which of the following are true for somatosensory input tot he brain
- -all have synapses in the thalamus -all terminate in the somatosensory cortex - some have first synapse in the spinal cord and some have it in the medulla oblongata
- Regarding hormone classes
- -indole amines are synthesized from tryptophan -an example of a hormone made from tyrosine is epinephrine
- hormone that requires a carrier in the bloodstream is most likely a ____ rather than a hormone from
- steroid amino acids
- water reabsorption by the kidneys is increased by the hormone_____ released from the____
- vasopressin (ADH) Posterior pituitary
- This hormone is especially important for proper metabolic function, particularly during development
- thyroid hormone
- which of the following are true concerning endocrine disruptors?
- -exposure can result from environmental release of contaminants including pharmaceuticals -A chemical substance, natural or synthetic, that interferes with the endocrine system -can play the role as a (agonist) or (antagonist) -Most (so far) are known to modulate estrogen pathways
- compound that is an estrogen agonist that is comonly found in hard plastic
- bisphenol(BPA)
- He is credited for first propsing that blood-borne products, as opposed to specific nerves, must be responsible for directing normal reproductive development
- Berthold
- Hormone X causes vasoconstriction (reduction of blood vessel diameter) and hormone Y causes vasodilation (increase in blood vessel diameter), Hormone X and Y are?
- antagonistic
- what 2 glial cell types can be found in the CNS
- astrocytes and ependymal
- ____ channels are very common along axons, but ____ are very common at axon terminals (synapses)?
- voltage-gated ligand-gated
- Prosopagnosia
- is caused by damage to the fusiform gyrus
- In the assigned Hayes et al 202 paper on atrazine efffects on frogs
- they estimated atrazine exposure based on local sales of atrazine
- what is true about the Stanton et al 2009
- -male supporters of McCain had lower salivary T than did Obama supporters -female supports of either candidate didn't differ.
- high level of thyroid hormone and is due to a tumor in the pituitary gland that causes excess TSH to be released, this pathology is?
- secondary hyperthyroidism
- during embryonic development of the nervous system in vertebrates, the cells that will become that nervous system are first identifiable as?
- neural plates
- during embryonic development of the nervous system in vertebrates the_____ becomes the CNS and the _____ becomes the PNS
- neural tube neural crest
- ___ allows the CNS to possess high ____ for strong stimuli when multiple ____ overlap
- later inhibition acuity receptive fields
- The ___ produces ___ which helps coordinate biological rhythms
- pineal gland melatonin
- ______produce a hormone that is important in Ca++ metabolism
- Parathyroid glands
- what increases perception of hunger? whereas_____decreases it
- ghrelin leptin
- ghrelin and leptin have a _____effect on each other
- anatagonistic
- This compound was given to many women because it was (mistakenly) thought to prevent miscarraige
- diethylstibestrol (DES)
- Phthlates
- -are plasticizers that are not chemically bound to their source and therefore may be continuously released -may reduce sperm, counts in human males -have been shown to be present in the bodies of most infants
- when 2 or more graded potentials form different neurons combine
- spatial summation
- research into brain function has progressed though
- -studies of brain injury or pathology -use of diagnostic tools to image brain structure -use of diagnostic tools to image brain function
- as receptive field size increases, sensory acuity....
- decreases
- The two main division of nervous systems are the ____ and ____
- CNS and PNS
- ______ are CNS neurotransmitters involved in pain modulation
- opioid peptides (endorphins)
- neurogenesis
- -is the production of new neurons -is known to occur in certain parts of the nervous system -is a very active area of research
- This animal produces a Na+ channel blocker called tetrodotoxin (TTX)
- pufferfish
- The _____ carries sensory neurons from the PNS to the CNS
- dorsal spinal cord
- in the nervous system the nuclei and the ganglia are?
- clusters of cell bodies
- In the cerebral cortex____ area receive input whereas____ areas direct output
- sensory Motor
- measures brain activity by tracking radioactivity-labeled bio molecules (e.g. glucose)
- PET
- unihemispheric slow-wave sleep
- is the phenomenon of allowing one half of the brain to sleep at a time
- The concious interpretation of input from the environment is known as
- perception
- The conversion of energy from one form into another is known as?
- transduction
- lateral inhibition?
- increases sensory acuity
- which of the following is true regarding sensory coding in the nervous system
- sensory coding for location of signal depends on receptive fields of the sensory neurons
- The efferent nervous system includes the?
- autonomic and somatic nervous system
- Teh somatic nervous sysstem targets
- skeletal muscles
- schwann cells and ____ are found only in the PNS
- satellite cells
- secretion of gonatropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from ___ targets the ____
- hypothalumus anterior pituitary
- secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizinf hormone (LH) from the _____ targets the ___
- hypothalamus anterior pituitary
- action potentials move along myelinated axons more____ via____
- quickly saltatory conduction
- Gelbard- Sagiv et al
- observing the formation and subsequent use of memory trances
- recognition and interpretation of a sound as being a car horn describes the process
- perception
- stimulation of the auditory cortex via input from the ear describes the process of
- sensation
- mechanically-gated channels chemically(ligand) gated channels voltage-gated channels "leak channels
- some sensory receptors mostly on synapses mostly on axons (opening/closing gates) always open
- The adrenal cortex produces steriods including____whereas the adrenal medulla produces catecholamines including ____
- aldosterone epinephrine
- suppose someone had clinically excess levels of cortisol from the adrenal glad that is due to a tumor on the adrenal gland cells that produce cortisol. this pathology would be considered?
- primary hypercorticolism