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AP Bio Ch. 45 Vocab

Terms

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Endocrine system
what all of an animal's hormone-secreting cells constitute.
Endocrine glands
hormone-secreting organs.
Neurosecretory cells
specialized nerve cells that endocrine organs and tissues contain.
Ecdysone
a hormone that triggers molting.
Brain hormone (BH)
promotes development by stimulating the prothoracic glands to secrete ecdysone.
Juvenile hormone (JH)
counters ecdysone; promotes the retention of larval characteristics during molting; secreted by a pair of small glands behind the brain, the corpora allata.
Tropic hormones
hormones that target other endocrine glands and are important to chemical coordination.
Hypothalamus
plays an important role in integrating the vertebrate endocrine and nervous systems. This region of the lower brain receives information from nerves throughout the body and from other parts of the brain, and then initiates endocrine signals appropriate to environmental conditions.
Pituitary gland
a small organ with multiple endocrine functions.
Anterior pituitary / Adenohypophysis
develops from a fold of the roof of the mouth that grows upward toward the brain and eventually loses its connection to the digestive tract.
Releasing hormones
from the hypothalamus; make the anterior pituitary secrete its hormones.
Inhibiting hormone
from the hypothalamus; make the anterior pituitary stop secreting hormones.
Posterior pituitary / Neurophypophysis
is an extension of the brain. It develops from a small bulge of the hypothalamus that grows downward toward the mouth fold that forms the anterior pituitary.
Growth hormone (GH)
made by anterior pituitary; promotes growth directly and stimulates the production of growth factors.
Insulinlike growth factors (IGFs)
made by liver; circulates in blood plasma and directly stimulates bone and cartilage growth.
Prolactin (PRL)
made by anterior pituitary; a protein very similar to GH; various effects in vertebrates: milk production/secretion in mammals, delay of metamorphosis in amphibians, osmoregulation in fish
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
made by anterior pituitary; stimulates adrenal cortex to produce and secrete steroid hormones
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
made by anterior pituitary; regulates the activity of pigment-containing cells in vertebrate skin (amphibians, etc.)
Endorphins
made by anterior pituitary and neurons; inhibit pain perception; react to high stress/pain
Pineal gland
small mass of tissue near the center of the brain. It secretes the hormone melatonin, a modified amino acid.
The 2 hormones of the thyroid gland from the amino acid tyrosine
Triiodothyronine (T3), which contains three iodine atoms, and tetraiodothyronine, or Thyroxine (T4), which contains four iodine atoms.
Parathyroid glands
there are four and they are embedded in the surface of the thyroid, function in the homeostasis of calcium ions. They secrete Parathyroid hormone (PTH), which raises blood levels of calcium and thus has an effect opposite to that of the thyroid hormone calcitonin.
Islets of Langerhans
clusters of endocrine cells that secrete two hormones directly into the circulatory system. Each islet has a population of alpha cells, which secrete the peptide hormone glucagons, and a population of beta cells, which secrete the hormone insulin.
Adrenal glands
are adjacent to the kidneys. Each adrenal gland is actually made up of two glands with different cell types, functions, and embryonic origins: the adrenal cortex, or outer portion, and the adrenal medulla, or central part.
Epinephrine
catacholamine from adrenal medulla; adrenaline; released in response to short-term stress to increase availability of energy sources by stimulating glycogen hydrolysis in skeletal muscle and liver; synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine.
Norepinephrine
catecholamine from adrenal medulla; noradrenaline; primary role is to sustain blood pressure; synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine.
Corticosteroids
made by adrenal cortex; group of steroid hormones triggered by release of ACTH
Estrogens
made by ovaries; regulate development and maintenance of female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics
Progestins
prepare and maintain the uterus for growth and development of an embryo.
Nitric Oxide (NO)
local regulator that has various roles asa a neurotransmitter, smooth muscle relaxant, and defense chemical
Prostaglandins
modified fatty acids released from most cells; help induce labor; regulate blood flow to lungs; countered by aspirin and ibuprofen
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
made by anterior pituitary; glycoprotein that regulates release of thyroid hormones
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
made by anterior pituitary; glycoprotein that stimulates gonad activity
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) / Gonadotropins
made by anterior pituitary; glycoprotein that stimulates gonad activity
Melatonin
made by pineal gland in center of brain; regulates functions related to light and changes in day length
Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)
made by thyroid gland; critical to vertebrate development and maturation; increase cellular metabolism for homeostasis
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
stimulates uptake of Ca2+ in small intestine, Ca2+ reabsorption in kidney, and Ca2+ release from bone to raise blood calcium levels; countered by calcitonin
Glucagon
secreted by alpha cells within islets of Langerhans; raises blood glucose by stimulating liver to increase glycogen hydrolysis, convert amino acids/fatty acids to glucose, and releasing glucose into blood
Insulin
secreted by beta cells within islets of Langerhans; lowers blood glucose by promoting movement of glucose from blood into body cells, slowing breakdown of glycogen in liver, and inhibiting conversion of amino acids/fatty acids to sugar
Glucocorticoids
one of the two main corticosteroids from adrenal cortex; increases energy supplies during stress by promoting synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrates (ex: cortisone)
Mineralocorticoids
one of the two main corticosteroids from adrenal cortex; stimulates kidney cells to reabsorb sodium ions and water from filtrate (ex: aldosterone in excretory system)
Androgens
made by testes; determines gender of developing embryo and stimulate development of male reprod. system and secondary sex characteristics

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