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MB Chap 5-6

Terms

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anterior
head, front end of a bilaterally symmetrical animal
posterior
rear end of a bilaterally symmetrical animal
dorsal
top
ventral
bottom, the underside of a bilaterally symmetrical animal
Marine Acoelomates
lack an internal body cavity. All remaining animal phyla, except the echinoderms, are bilaterally symmetrical and possess anterior cephalization
Pseudocoelomates
have one that is very poorly developed. All remaining animal phyla, except the echinoderms, are bilaterally symmetrical and possess anterior cephalization
Phylum Nematoda
roundworms. among most common and abundant multicellular in marine benthic environment.
Protostomes
Annelids, arthropods. Predetermined tissues.
Deuterostomes
Chordates. Cells are indeterminate, totipotent.
spiral cleavage
pre-determined cells
radial cleavage
indeterminate cells
Protostome blastophore
blastophore becomes mouth
Deuterostome blastophore
blastophore becomes anus
lophophorate phyla
possess a crown of ciliated feeding tentacles
lophophore
ciliated feeding tentacles of bryozoans, brachiopods, and phoronids
Ectoprocta
Bryozoa- Bugula neritina (branching form), also encrusting forms of Bryozoans
convergent evolution
structures that have similar (analogous) organisms not closely related (not monophyletic), independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches. evolved torpedo shaped body. lophophores
Class Bivalvia
2 shells, suspension or filter feeders. oysters, clams, scallops, mussels
Class Gastropoda
stomach-foot. olive shell, moon snail, whelks & conchs. Radula-scraper for getting algae off rock or scraping shell (oyster or clam).
radula
scraping tongue
gills
taking oxygen out of water
Class Cephalopoda
highly developed, nervous system. squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus
cephalization
the concentration of nerve tissue and sensory organs at the anterior end of an organism
Annelida
protostomes- arthropoda. segmented- polychaetes
metameres
linear series of of structural units.
Phylum Arthropoda
exoskeleton= protection. point for muscles to attach. barrier to prevent fluid loss. chitin.
exoskeleton
protection. point for muscles to attach. barrier to prevent fluid loss.
echdysis
growth by molting, shedding
Class Crustacea
2 pairs anntennae, nauplius larva. crabs, shrimp, lobsters, copepods, krill, barnacles
Class Merostomata
horseshoe crab
Class Pycnogonida
sea spider
Phylum Echinodermata
sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers
Echinodermata
-a body plan that is secondarily radial a unique water-vascular system (which hydraulically operates numerous tube feet) -the ability to regenerate significant portions of their anatomy that have been lost to predators or injury
Chordata
**All chordates, including the vertebrate subphylum, possess: -a dorsal hollow nerve cord -a longitudinal stiffening notochord of cartilage -pharyngeal gill slits -a postanal tail during at least some portion of their life. ** essay question!!!
Subphylum Urochordata
Sea squirts-Ascideans=tunicates Salps planktonic larvaceans
Sea Squirts related to Man?
In the embryological stage have: -a dorsal hollow nerve cord -a longitudinal stiffening notochord of cartilage -pharyngeal gill slits -a postanal tail during at least some portion of their life.
Sub Phylum Vertebrata
brain +sensory organs vertebrae into backbone Skeletal muscles segmented into myomeres
myomeres
segmented skeletal muscles. permit controlled and efficient movements.
coelom
true internal body cavity -increased digestive tract efficiency -larger gonads: increased number of gametes -body wall muscle function; independently =>specialization
Vertebrate
-segmental ossification of the notochord -a musculature that is segmented into myomeres -a closed circulatory system with hemoglobin contained within red blood cells that cannot leave the blood vessels
Marine fishes
-Fishes include about 50% of all living vertebrates. -They are a diverse assemblage that is difficult to characterize. -They usually: live in water swim with fins possess scales use gills supplied with a countercurrent circulation for gas exchange
500,000,000 years
Vertebrates on earth
50%
marine tetrapods (hypoosmotic) concentration of salt less than that found in seawater
Ichthyology
Study of fishes
Agnatha
without jaws. lampreys & hagfish
Chondrichthyes
The sharks, rays, and chimaeras of class are mostly marine fishes. They often: grow to large sizes retain metabolic waste products (urea and trimethylamine oxide [TMAO]) to achieve osmotic equilibrium with seawater possess a characteristic heterocercal caudal fin and placoid scales
Class Mammalia
- Carnivora -Cetacea -Sirenia
Anadramous
Adults live in SW and spawn in FW. salmon, lampreys
Catadromous
Adults live in FW and spawn in SW. eel
sharks
fatty liver- cartilaginous heterocercal tail- asymetrical Placiod scales
Chondrichthyes reproduction
-Reproduce via internal fertilization -They possess internal embryos that develop inside egg cases -The egg cases are deposited in the environment or are born live after completing their development inside their mothers, both with and without the benefit of a placental attachment to her blood supply
Osteichthyes
—The Bony Fishes Many thousands of species of bony fishes are marine, and all but one are ray-finned. The only exception is the lobe-finned coelacanth, first collected in the western Indian Ocean but now known from Indonesia as well.
coelacanth
The only exception is the lobe-finned first collected in the western Indian Ocean but now known from Indonesia as well.
Osteichthyes- The Bony Fishes
lateral movements of the caudal fin flapping or undulating pectoral fins fanning of the pectoral fins sculling movements of the dorsal and anal fins
caudal fins
an enlarged fin at the posterior end of most fishes -round flounder, butterfly fish -truncate salmon, barracuda -forked herring, perch -lunate tuna, mackerel -heterocercal variable shark
Phylum Sarcomastigophora
unicellular animals, locomotion with flagella or pseudopodia: foraminiferan, Globigerina. CaCO3
Kingdom Fungi
-Fungi are heterotrophic organisms that digest externally and possess a cell wall like bacteria and plants. -These saprobes are the primary decomposers on Earth, mostly targeting cellulose and lignin. -Currently, about 1500 species of marine fungi are recognized. -Fungal diseases of marine animals and plants are of particular interest.
Phylum Porifera
Sponges are loose federations of cells that interact sufficiently to enable more efficient handling of food, protection, and other sophisticated survival tasks.
Phylum Cnidaria
large, diverse, and well-known assemblage of relatively primitive yet versatile marine invertebrates, including: jellyfishes, sea anemones, corals, hydroids They are distinguished by their characteristic nematocyst-containing stinging cells (cnidocytes), some of which are painful and even deadly to humans.
Radial Symmetry
provide several different planes of symmetry to divide the animal into mirror-image halves.
Kingdom Protista
an artificial catch-all category for many fundamentally different taxa clearly lacking a common ancestral form, which just happen to be unicellular and heterotrophic
Kingdom Animalia
typically distinguished from members of Protista by: the presence of contractile muscles signal-conducting neurons multicellular bodies
Phylum Mollusca
The snails, clams, mussels, oysters, scallops, octopus, and squid are among the most abundant, easily observable, and best known marine invertebrates. The various groups of mollusks are distinguished by their type, number, and location of shell elements.
Class Amphineura
shallow benthic animals: chitons eight piece shell
Class Hydrozoa
Cnidaria. solitary or colonial, with both polypoid and medusiod forms
Class Scyphoza
Cnidaria. free-swimming medusiod forms; most jellyfish
Class Anthozoa
Cnidaria. attached benthic polypoid forms. corals and sea anemones
Phylum Nemertea
small, inconspicuous, wormlike benthic animals with complete digestive tracts.
Phylum Ctenophora
biradially symmetrical pelagic swimming animals with eight rows of cilia (ctenes)
Phylum Platyhelmithes
free-living parasitic flatworms. flukes and tapeworms.
Class Scaphopoda
benthic; shell of one piece and elongated. tusk shell
Phylum Sipuncula
benthic worms a few centimeters long. peanut worms
Phylum Echiurida
benthic; cylindrical worms
Phylum Pogonophora
deep-water benthic tube-dwelling worms. up to 2 m in length
Phylum Chaetognatha
pelagic, active predators; to 15 cm long. arrow worms
Class Polychaeta
Annilida. benthic, free living
Class Hirudinea
Annilida. leeches, some parasitic
Subclass Copepoda
Arthropoda. crustacea. small crustaceans
Order Isopoda
benthic, body flattened dorsoventrally, pill bugs
Order Amphipoda
small flat-bodied semi-terrestrial crustaceans: whale lice
Order Euphausiacea
small commonly luminescent crustaceans; krill
Order Decapoda
includes crustaceans with ten legs such as crabs, shrimp and lobsters
Phylum Echinodermata
radially symmetrical marine invertebrates including e.g. starfish and sea urchins and sea cucumbers
Class Echinoidea
no arms, tube feet, complex jaw-like structures, slow; sand dollars, sea biscuits, sea urchins
Class Asteroidea
sea stars
Class Ophiuroidea
brittle stars and basket stars
Class Crinoidea
Sea Lillies and Feather Stars
Class Holothuroidea
class of echinoderms including the sea cucumbers
Phylum Chordata
comprises true vertebrates and animals having a notochord
Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates, sea squirts
Class Ascidiacea
the tunicates: benthic, sessile, solitary or colonial
Subphylum Cephalochordata
lancelets; slender, laterally compressed; benthic
Subphylum Vertebrata
fishes and tetrapods
Class Agnatha
no jaws, no pectoral fins; hagfish and lampreys
Class Chondrichthyes
cartilaginous fishes; sharks, skates, and rays
Class Osteichthyes
lobed fish, bony fish; a class of fish having a skeleton composed of bone in addition to cartilage, bony fishes
Class Amphibia
frogs, toads, salamanders
Class Reptilia
marine turtles, iguanas, crocodiles, and sea snakes
Class Aves
birds
Class Mammalia
warm-blooded vertebrates characterized by mammary glands in the female
Order Carnivora
sea lions, seals, walruses, sea otters
Order Cetacea
anterior limbs become flippers, no posterior limbs dolphins and whales
trochophore
early free-swimming, ciliated larval stage of many marine mollusks, annelid worms, bryozoans, and brachiopods
hemocyanin
an oxygen-binding pigment found in the blood of several kinds of invertebrates
hermaphrodite
an animal that has the sex organs of both sexes at the point during its lifetime, sometimes simultaneously
oral
relating to the side of the body containing the mouth of radially symmetrical animals
aboral
opposite to or away from the mouth
globigerina ooze
thick blankets of formaminiferan tests that cover the seafloor
nauplius
microscopic free-swimming planktonic stage of barnacles and some other crustaceans
cephalization
the evolutionary process of increasing specialization of the head, especially the brain and sense organs
antennae
elongated sensory structures projecting from the heads of arthropods
spongocoel
the internal cavity of sponges
water-vascular system
the unique internal circulatory system of echinoderms that simultaneously operated numerous tube feet hydraulically for locomotion
hydrostatic skeleton
the body fluid contained within some animals, against which muscles work to provide shape changes
mesoglea
the jellylike layer in the bodies of cnidarians
choanocytes
flagellated collar cells, generate a water current through the sponge and ingest suspended food
statocyst
a gravitationally sensitive vesicle lined with sensory cells and containing dense bodies; found in many invertebrates
spongin
fibrous material making up the flexible skeleton of many sponges
notochord
an elongated, cartilaginous rod that forms the central skeletal support of chordate embryos
molt
a process of punctuated growth in arthropods wherein they shed their old exoskeleton and replace it with a large version
gastrovascular cavity
digestive cavity of some lower invertebrates, with a single opening for both mouth and anus, that also plays a circulatory role
nematocyst
in cnidarians, a stinging cell that is used to inject a toxin into prey
ctene
bands of cilia found on the body surfaces of ctenophores
blastula
early embryonic stage of many animals, consisting of a hollow ball of cells
pentamerous
five-sided radial body symmetry commonly displayed by echinoderms
bilateral symmetry
animal body plan with mirror image left and right sides
metamere
a repeated body unit, or segment, along the long axis of some bilateral animals
chitin
a flexible, impermeable material found in the exoskeletons of arthropods
pseudopodia
temporary and changing extensions of the cells of some protozoans, used for locomotion
cnidocyte
cell that contains the stinging nematocyst of cnidarians
medusa
free-swimming, or jellyfish, generation of cnidarian life cycles
polyp
the attached, benthic generation of many types of cnidarians
veliger
early larval form of some mollusks
nasal gland
salt-excreting gland in the nostrils of seabirds
viviparity
a condition describing the reproductive strategy wherein embryos develop within the mother while receiving nutrients via a placenta with subsequent live birth
dive reflex
the suite of internal responses, including bradycardia and peripheral circulation shutdown, that occurs during dives by an air-breathing vertebrate
bronchi
the paired ventilatory tubes of a vertebrate that branch into each lung at the lower end of the trachea (singular = bronchus)
heterocercal
a type of caudal fin found in sharks and rays, as well as some primitive bony fishes (such as sturgeons), wherein the vertebral column extends into the upper lobe of the tail
vena cava
the major vein returning blood to the heart of vertebrates; the superior vena cava drains blood from the head and upper extremities, the inferior vena cava drains blood from the torso and lower extremities
trachea
windpipe of vertebrates
bradycardia
marked slowing of the heart rate
alveoli
minute air sacs in the lungs of vertebrates where gas exchange occurs
oviparous
egg-laying
retina
light sensitive layer of nerve cells in the eyes of most vertebrates and some invertebrates
ovoviviparity
an intermediate condition between viviparity and oviparity in which the eggs develop and hatch while still inside the mother, with subsequent live birth of the young
sex chromosome
one of a pair of chromosomes whose composition determines gender
neuromast
a mechanosensory cell, similar to sensory hair cells, found in the lateral line system that detect water movements thereby aiding in prey capture, schooling behavior, and avoidance of obstacles and predators
vasoconstriction
narrowing of blood vessel diameter via contraction of smooth muscles in the vessel wall with resulting reduction in blood flow and increase in blood pressure
homocercal
a type of caudal fin found in advanced bony fishes wherein the supporting skeletal rays are arranged symmetrically around the end of the vertebral column
baleen
rows of comb-like material that project from the outer edges of the upper jaws of filter-feeding whales
gill arch
the skeletal supports inside the gill tissues of fishes
estrogen
a female sexual hormone in vertebrates
hemoglobin
an oxygen-binding red blood pigment found in vertebrates and some invertebrates
labyrinth organ
one of a pair of equilibrium and balance organs in the inner ears of vertebrates that contains three fluid-filled semicircular canals (only one in hagfishes and two in lampreys)
olfaction
the sense of smell, or the ability to detect and identify chemicals dissolved in air or water by using nasal sensory cells
secondary lamella
a small extension of a gill filament containing blood capillaries for gas exchange
external auditory canal
the sound-transmitting channel connecting the external and middle ears
aorta
large artery (or arteries) carrying blood away from the heart to the body of vertebrates
apneustic breathing
breathing pattern exhibited by marine mammals in which several rapid breaths alternate with a prolonged cessation of breathing
urea
nitrogen-containing waste product excreted in the urine of many vertebrates
uric acid
the main nitrogenous excretory product in birds, reptiles, some invertebrates and insects
aerobic dive limit (ADL)
the longest breath-hold dive possible that does not lead to an increase in blood lactate concentration (i.e., a shift to anaerobic respiration)
androgen
a male sexual hormone in vertebrates
sensory hair cell
specialized cells found in the inner ear of vertebrates that detect movements and vibrations resulting in the senses of equilibrium, balance and hearing
swim bladder
gas-filled buoyancy organ of bony fishes
polygyny
a type of social and breeding organization in which a male is dominant over and mates with several females
amniotic egg
egg of reptiles, birds, and mammals containing an embryo that develops within an amniotic membrane
testosterone
an important male sexual hormone in vertebrates
myoglobin
a red muscle pigment with a strong chemical affinity for oxygen
aspect ratio
index of propulsive efficiency in fishes obtained by dividing the square of its caudal fin height by the caudal fin area
vertebrae
the series of articulated bones that make up the backbone of vertebrates
chitin
exoskeleton polysaccharide
Order Carnivora
seals, sea lions
Order Sirenia
manatees and dugongs
dioecious
having male and female reproductive organs in separate plants or animals
homeothermic
maintaining nearly constant body temperature over a wide range of environmental temperatures
chemoreception
very important to marine fishes, and they may possess some of the most sensitive noses of any animal.
What happens to the body when dives?
sound
travels about five times faster in water
light
does not travel well in water.

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