MB Chap 5-6
Terms
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- anterior
- head, front end of a bilaterally symmetrical animal
- posterior
- rear end of a bilaterally symmetrical animal
- dorsal
- top
- ventral
- bottom, the underside of a bilaterally symmetrical animal
- Marine Acoelomates
- lack an internal body cavity. All remaining animal phyla, except the echinoderms, are bilaterally symmetrical and possess anterior cephalization
- Pseudocoelomates
- have one that is very poorly developed. All remaining animal phyla, except the echinoderms, are bilaterally symmetrical and possess anterior cephalization
- Phylum Nematoda
- roundworms. among most common and abundant multicellular in marine benthic environment.
- Protostomes
- Annelids, arthropods. Predetermined tissues.
- Deuterostomes
- Chordates. Cells are indeterminate, totipotent.
- spiral cleavage
- pre-determined cells
- radial cleavage
- indeterminate cells
- Protostome blastophore
- blastophore becomes mouth
- Deuterostome blastophore
- blastophore becomes anus
- lophophorate phyla
- possess a crown of ciliated feeding tentacles
- lophophore
- ciliated feeding tentacles of bryozoans, brachiopods, and phoronids
- Ectoprocta
- Bryozoa- Bugula neritina (branching form), also encrusting forms of Bryozoans
- convergent evolution
- structures that have similar (analogous) organisms not closely related (not monophyletic), independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches. evolved torpedo shaped body. lophophores
- Class Bivalvia
- 2 shells, suspension or filter feeders. oysters, clams, scallops, mussels
- Class Gastropoda
- stomach-foot. olive shell, moon snail, whelks & conchs. Radula-scraper for getting algae off rock or scraping shell (oyster or clam).
- radula
- scraping tongue
- gills
- taking oxygen out of water
- Class Cephalopoda
- highly developed, nervous system. squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus
- cephalization
- the concentration of nerve tissue and sensory organs at the anterior end of an organism
- Annelida
- protostomes- arthropoda. segmented- polychaetes
- metameres
- linear series of of structural units.
- Phylum Arthropoda
- exoskeleton= protection. point for muscles to attach. barrier to prevent fluid loss. chitin.
- exoskeleton
- protection. point for muscles to attach. barrier to prevent fluid loss.
- echdysis
- growth by molting, shedding
- Class Crustacea
- 2 pairs anntennae, nauplius larva. crabs, shrimp, lobsters, copepods, krill, barnacles
- Class Merostomata
- horseshoe crab
- Class Pycnogonida
- sea spider
- Phylum Echinodermata
- sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers
- Echinodermata
- -a body plan that is secondarily radial a unique water-vascular system (which hydraulically operates numerous tube feet) -the ability to regenerate significant portions of their anatomy that have been lost to predators or injury
- Chordata
- **All chordates, including the vertebrate subphylum, possess: -a dorsal hollow nerve cord -a longitudinal stiffening notochord of cartilage -pharyngeal gill slits -a postanal tail during at least some portion of their life. ** essay question!!!
- Subphylum Urochordata
- Sea squirts-Ascideans=tunicates Salps planktonic larvaceans
- Sea Squirts related to Man?
- In the embryological stage have: -a dorsal hollow nerve cord -a longitudinal stiffening notochord of cartilage -pharyngeal gill slits -a postanal tail during at least some portion of their life.
- Sub Phylum Vertebrata
- brain +sensory organs vertebrae into backbone Skeletal muscles segmented into myomeres
- myomeres
- segmented skeletal muscles. permit controlled and efficient movements.
- coelom
- true internal body cavity -increased digestive tract efficiency -larger gonads: increased number of gametes -body wall muscle function; independently =>specialization
- Vertebrate
- -segmental ossification of the notochord -a musculature that is segmented into myomeres -a closed circulatory system with hemoglobin contained within red blood cells that cannot leave the blood vessels
- Marine fishes
- -Fishes include about 50% of all living vertebrates. -They are a diverse assemblage that is difficult to characterize. -They usually: live in water swim with fins possess scales use gills supplied with a countercurrent circulation for gas exchange
- 500,000,000 years
- Vertebrates on earth
- 50%
- marine tetrapods (hypoosmotic) concentration of salt less than that found in seawater
- Ichthyology
- Study of fishes
- Agnatha
- without jaws. lampreys & hagfish
- Chondrichthyes
- The sharks, rays, and chimaeras of class are mostly marine fishes. They often: grow to large sizes retain metabolic waste products (urea and trimethylamine oxide [TMAO]) to achieve osmotic equilibrium with seawater possess a characteristic heterocercal caudal fin and placoid scales
- Class Mammalia
- - Carnivora -Cetacea -Sirenia
- Anadramous
- Adults live in SW and spawn in FW. salmon, lampreys
- Catadromous
- Adults live in FW and spawn in SW. eel
- sharks
- fatty liver- cartilaginous heterocercal tail- asymetrical Placiod scales
- Chondrichthyes reproduction
- -Reproduce via internal fertilization -They possess internal embryos that develop inside egg cases -The egg cases are deposited in the environment or are born live after completing their development inside their mothers, both with and without the benefit of a placental attachment to her blood supply
- Osteichthyes
- —The Bony Fishes Many thousands of species of bony fishes are marine, and all but one are ray-finned. The only exception is the lobe-finned coelacanth, first collected in the western Indian Ocean but now known from Indonesia as well.
- coelacanth
- The only exception is the lobe-finned first collected in the western Indian Ocean but now known from Indonesia as well.
- Osteichthyes- The Bony Fishes
- lateral movements of the caudal fin flapping or undulating pectoral fins fanning of the pectoral fins sculling movements of the dorsal and anal fins
- caudal fins
- an enlarged fin at the posterior end of most fishes -round flounder, butterfly fish -truncate salmon, barracuda -forked herring, perch -lunate tuna, mackerel -heterocercal variable shark
- Phylum Sarcomastigophora
- unicellular animals, locomotion with flagella or pseudopodia: foraminiferan, Globigerina. CaCO3
- Kingdom Fungi
- -Fungi are heterotrophic organisms that digest externally and possess a cell wall like bacteria and plants. -These saprobes are the primary decomposers on Earth, mostly targeting cellulose and lignin. -Currently, about 1500 species of marine fungi are recognized. -Fungal diseases of marine animals and plants are of particular interest.
- Phylum Porifera
- Sponges are loose federations of cells that interact sufficiently to enable more efficient handling of food, protection, and other sophisticated survival tasks.
- Phylum Cnidaria
- large, diverse, and well-known assemblage of relatively primitive yet versatile marine invertebrates, including: jellyfishes, sea anemones, corals, hydroids They are distinguished by their characteristic nematocyst-containing stinging cells (cnidocytes), some of which are painful and even deadly to humans.
- Radial Symmetry
- provide several different planes of symmetry to divide the animal into mirror-image halves.
- Kingdom Protista
- an artificial catch-all category for many fundamentally different taxa clearly lacking a common ancestral form, which just happen to be unicellular and heterotrophic
- Kingdom Animalia
- typically distinguished from members of Protista by: the presence of contractile muscles signal-conducting neurons multicellular bodies
- Phylum Mollusca
- The snails, clams, mussels, oysters, scallops, octopus, and squid are among the most abundant, easily observable, and best known marine invertebrates. The various groups of mollusks are distinguished by their type, number, and location of shell elements.
- Class Amphineura
- shallow benthic animals: chitons eight piece shell
- Class Hydrozoa
- Cnidaria. solitary or colonial, with both polypoid and medusiod forms
- Class Scyphoza
- Cnidaria. free-swimming medusiod forms; most jellyfish
- Class Anthozoa
- Cnidaria. attached benthic polypoid forms. corals and sea anemones
- Phylum Nemertea
- small, inconspicuous, wormlike benthic animals with complete digestive tracts.
- Phylum Ctenophora
- biradially symmetrical pelagic swimming animals with eight rows of cilia (ctenes)
- Phylum Platyhelmithes
- free-living parasitic flatworms. flukes and tapeworms.
- Class Scaphopoda
- benthic; shell of one piece and elongated. tusk shell
- Phylum Sipuncula
- benthic worms a few centimeters long. peanut worms
- Phylum Echiurida
- benthic; cylindrical worms
- Phylum Pogonophora
- deep-water benthic tube-dwelling worms. up to 2 m in length
- Phylum Chaetognatha
- pelagic, active predators; to 15 cm long. arrow worms
- Class Polychaeta
- Annilida. benthic, free living
- Class Hirudinea
- Annilida. leeches, some parasitic
- Subclass Copepoda
- Arthropoda. crustacea. small crustaceans
- Order Isopoda
- benthic, body flattened dorsoventrally, pill bugs
- Order Amphipoda
- small flat-bodied semi-terrestrial crustaceans: whale lice
- Order Euphausiacea
- small commonly luminescent crustaceans; krill
- Order Decapoda
- includes crustaceans with ten legs such as crabs, shrimp and lobsters
- Phylum Echinodermata
- radially symmetrical marine invertebrates including e.g. starfish and sea urchins and sea cucumbers
- Class Echinoidea
- no arms, tube feet, complex jaw-like structures, slow; sand dollars, sea biscuits, sea urchins
- Class Asteroidea
- sea stars
- Class Ophiuroidea
- brittle stars and basket stars
- Class Crinoidea
- Sea Lillies and Feather Stars
- Class Holothuroidea
- class of echinoderms including the sea cucumbers
- Phylum Chordata
- comprises true vertebrates and animals having a notochord
- Subphylum Urochordata
- Tunicates, sea squirts
- Class Ascidiacea
- the tunicates: benthic, sessile, solitary or colonial
- Subphylum Cephalochordata
- lancelets; slender, laterally compressed; benthic
- Subphylum Vertebrata
- fishes and tetrapods
- Class Agnatha
- no jaws, no pectoral fins; hagfish and lampreys
- Class Chondrichthyes
- cartilaginous fishes; sharks, skates, and rays
- Class Osteichthyes
- lobed fish, bony fish; a class of fish having a skeleton composed of bone in addition to cartilage, bony fishes
- Class Amphibia
- frogs, toads, salamanders
- Class Reptilia
- marine turtles, iguanas, crocodiles, and sea snakes
- Class Aves
- birds
- Class Mammalia
- warm-blooded vertebrates characterized by mammary glands in the female
- Order Carnivora
- sea lions, seals, walruses, sea otters
- Order Cetacea
- anterior limbs become flippers, no posterior limbs dolphins and whales
- trochophore
- early free-swimming, ciliated larval stage of many marine mollusks, annelid worms, bryozoans, and brachiopods
- hemocyanin
- an oxygen-binding pigment found in the blood of several kinds of invertebrates
- hermaphrodite
- an animal that has the sex organs of both sexes at the point during its lifetime, sometimes simultaneously
- oral
- relating to the side of the body containing the mouth of radially symmetrical animals
- aboral
- opposite to or away from the mouth
- globigerina ooze
- thick blankets of formaminiferan tests that cover the seafloor
- nauplius
- microscopic free-swimming planktonic stage of barnacles and some other crustaceans
- cephalization
- the evolutionary process of increasing specialization of the head, especially the brain and sense organs
- antennae
- elongated sensory structures projecting from the heads of arthropods
- spongocoel
- the internal cavity of sponges
- water-vascular system
- the unique internal circulatory system of echinoderms that simultaneously operated numerous tube feet hydraulically for locomotion
- hydrostatic skeleton
- the body fluid contained within some animals, against which muscles work to provide shape changes
- mesoglea
- the jellylike layer in the bodies of cnidarians
- choanocytes
- flagellated collar cells, generate a water current through the sponge and ingest suspended food
- statocyst
- a gravitationally sensitive vesicle lined with sensory cells and containing dense bodies; found in many invertebrates
- spongin
- fibrous material making up the flexible skeleton of many sponges
- notochord
- an elongated, cartilaginous rod that forms the central skeletal support of chordate embryos
- molt
- a process of punctuated growth in arthropods wherein they shed their old exoskeleton and replace it with a large version
- gastrovascular cavity
- digestive cavity of some lower invertebrates, with a single opening for both mouth and anus, that also plays a circulatory role
- nematocyst
- in cnidarians, a stinging cell that is used to inject a toxin into prey
- ctene
- bands of cilia found on the body surfaces of ctenophores
- blastula
- early embryonic stage of many animals, consisting of a hollow ball of cells
- pentamerous
- five-sided radial body symmetry commonly displayed by echinoderms
- bilateral symmetry
- animal body plan with mirror image left and right sides
- metamere
- a repeated body unit, or segment, along the long axis of some bilateral animals
- chitin
- a flexible, impermeable material found in the exoskeletons of arthropods
- pseudopodia
- temporary and changing extensions of the cells of some protozoans, used for locomotion
- cnidocyte
- cell that contains the stinging nematocyst of cnidarians
- medusa
- free-swimming, or jellyfish, generation of cnidarian life cycles
- polyp
- the attached, benthic generation of many types of cnidarians
- veliger
- early larval form of some mollusks
- nasal gland
- salt-excreting gland in the nostrils of seabirds
- viviparity
- a condition describing the reproductive strategy wherein embryos develop within the mother while receiving nutrients via a placenta with subsequent live birth
- dive reflex
- the suite of internal responses, including bradycardia and peripheral circulation shutdown, that occurs during dives by an air-breathing vertebrate
- bronchi
- the paired ventilatory tubes of a vertebrate that branch into each lung at the lower end of the trachea (singular = bronchus)
- heterocercal
- a type of caudal fin found in sharks and rays, as well as some primitive bony fishes (such as sturgeons), wherein the vertebral column extends into the upper lobe of the tail
- vena cava
- the major vein returning blood to the heart of vertebrates; the superior vena cava drains blood from the head and upper extremities, the inferior vena cava drains blood from the torso and lower extremities
- trachea
- windpipe of vertebrates
- bradycardia
- marked slowing of the heart rate
- alveoli
- minute air sacs in the lungs of vertebrates where gas exchange occurs
- oviparous
- egg-laying
- retina
- light sensitive layer of nerve cells in the eyes of most vertebrates and some invertebrates
- ovoviviparity
- an intermediate condition between viviparity and oviparity in which the eggs develop and hatch while still inside the mother, with subsequent live birth of the young
- sex chromosome
- one of a pair of chromosomes whose composition determines gender
- neuromast
- a mechanosensory cell, similar to sensory hair cells, found in the lateral line system that detect water movements thereby aiding in prey capture, schooling behavior, and avoidance of obstacles and predators
- vasoconstriction
- narrowing of blood vessel diameter via contraction of smooth muscles in the vessel wall with resulting reduction in blood flow and increase in blood pressure
- homocercal
- a type of caudal fin found in advanced bony fishes wherein the supporting skeletal rays are arranged symmetrically around the end of the vertebral column
- baleen
- rows of comb-like material that project from the outer edges of the upper jaws of filter-feeding whales
- gill arch
- the skeletal supports inside the gill tissues of fishes
- estrogen
- a female sexual hormone in vertebrates
- hemoglobin
- an oxygen-binding red blood pigment found in vertebrates and some invertebrates
- labyrinth organ
- one of a pair of equilibrium and balance organs in the inner ears of vertebrates that contains three fluid-filled semicircular canals (only one in hagfishes and two in lampreys)
- olfaction
- the sense of smell, or the ability to detect and identify chemicals dissolved in air or water by using nasal sensory cells
- secondary lamella
- a small extension of a gill filament containing blood capillaries for gas exchange
- external auditory canal
- the sound-transmitting channel connecting the external and middle ears
- aorta
- large artery (or arteries) carrying blood away from the heart to the body of vertebrates
- apneustic breathing
- breathing pattern exhibited by marine mammals in which several rapid breaths alternate with a prolonged cessation of breathing
- urea
- nitrogen-containing waste product excreted in the urine of many vertebrates
- uric acid
- the main nitrogenous excretory product in birds, reptiles, some invertebrates and insects
- aerobic dive limit (ADL)
- the longest breath-hold dive possible that does not lead to an increase in blood lactate concentration (i.e., a shift to anaerobic respiration)
- androgen
- a male sexual hormone in vertebrates
- sensory hair cell
- specialized cells found in the inner ear of vertebrates that detect movements and vibrations resulting in the senses of equilibrium, balance and hearing
- swim bladder
- gas-filled buoyancy organ of bony fishes
- polygyny
- a type of social and breeding organization in which a male is dominant over and mates with several females
- amniotic egg
- egg of reptiles, birds, and mammals containing an embryo that develops within an amniotic membrane
- testosterone
- an important male sexual hormone in vertebrates
- myoglobin
- a red muscle pigment with a strong chemical affinity for oxygen
- aspect ratio
- index of propulsive efficiency in fishes obtained by dividing the square of its caudal fin height by the caudal fin area
- vertebrae
- the series of articulated bones that make up the backbone of vertebrates
- chitin
- exoskeleton polysaccharide
- Order Carnivora
- seals, sea lions
- Order Sirenia
- manatees and dugongs
- dioecious
- having male and female reproductive organs in separate plants or animals
- homeothermic
- maintaining nearly constant body temperature over a wide range of environmental temperatures
- chemoreception
- very important to marine fishes, and they may possess some of the most sensitive noses of any animal.
- What happens to the body when dives?
- sound
- travels about five times faster in water
- light
- does not travel well in water.