unit 5 test systems

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small intestine: largest part of alimentary canal 20ft long 1 in diameter. 3 parts duodenum 10ft, jejumum 8ft, Ileum 2 ft.
Alzheimer's disease: a neurological disease that causes irreversible memory loss and physical deterioration, which eventually leads tot he complete loss of intellectual and physical functions.
Wellness: state of optimum health. Good physical self care, using one mind constructively expressions of ones emotions effectively interacting with others. Creative way with others.
synovial joints: freely moveable
skeletal system: 206 bone in the body
dialate: to make larger.
coping with a dying patient: touch, listen, care
alimentary canal: approx 30 ft. long. begins at mount and ends at anus.
ventilation: respiration or breathing.
coping mechanisms: defense mechanisms- psychological methods by which an individual adapts or adjusts to a challenge. usually unconscious behavior
muscular dystrophy: muscle atrophy- usually congenital
ventricles: one of the two pumping chambers of the heart - inferior to atria.
Vermiform appendix: below the cecum contains large amounts of lymphoid tissue.
RBC: erythrocytes- red blood cells
dorsal cavity: posterior - back includes cranial cavity, and spinal cavity
origin: attached muscle to the fixed structure of the bone
adenitis: inflammation of lymph node
planes: imaginary lines that sparate the body into sections.
thrombocytes: platelets
breathing: inspiration- expiration- respiratory cycle= ventilation
long bones: femur
Positive health: Rest,exercise,nutrition,stress.
Anorexia Nervosa: an eating disorder that finds its roots in an obsessive fear of becoming obese. Even after substantial weight loss.
apnea: complete cessation of breathing. no breathing
alveoli-: in lungs- they add the oxygen to blood. microscopic sacks in lungs. where gas exchange takes place.
circulatory system function: to provide cells with food, eliminate waste, provide protection, and defense against disease. provide cells with O2 and eliminate CO2
CSF: cerebral spinal fluid - clear fluid that flows through the brain and spinal column. acts as a shock absorber protecting the brain and spinal column. found in arachnoid space- nourishes, removes waste, and is absorbed by veins.
Liver: - aids in digestive process largest gland in the body. Located RUQ.
ptyalin: breaks down starches into simple sugars allowing them to be used for energy
Vitamin A: comes in 2 forms- betacarotine and retinol- helps you see in the dark, build healthy skin and teeth, fight body diseases, found in sweet potatos, carrots, cantelope, dark green leafy veggies, fruits, butter, cream, whole milk and cheese.
veins: carry the blood back to the heart- low oxygenated blood
constrict: to make smaller
Insulin: hormone in the blood stream to regulate sugar. Balance must be maintained at all times.
Neuron: nerve cell- function is to cause th body to react to stimuli. stimuli can be sensory or motor.
sensory system: sight, smell, hearing, taste, touch.
Identification: individual incorporates a characteristic a thought or behavior of another individual or group.
organ: combination of 2 or more tissues that perform a particular function.
dermis: middle layer -true skin layer - elastic, has blood vessels, nerves and hair follicles, sweat glands, involuntary muscles
cell: basic unit of structure for all forms of life
COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
homeostasis: balance - equlibrium maintained within the body. internal equal to external.
flexion: makes the angle at the joint smaller.
Pituitary gland: - size of a cherry located at base of brain- posterior to the nose. Commonly known as the MASTer GLAND of the body. - directing traffic. Called sella turcica. Controls the secretion of hormones from other glands.
tendons: connective tissue connecting muscle to bone
sources of lymph tissue: tonsils, spleen, thymus,
pairs of spinal nerves: 31
hodgkins disease: cancer of the lymph
sympathetic nervous system: part of the autonomic nervous system that controls many involuntary activities of the glands, organs and other parts of the body.
tonsilitis: inflammation of the tonsils
function of the blood: transport nourishment,hormones, vitamins, O2 and CO2, heat.
Conversion: emotional conflicts turned into a physical symptom , which provides the individual with some type of secondary gain.
lymph: colors fluid and bathes the body cells
custom: traditions or usual practice of a particular people or social group.
cells make up tissues: which makes up organs > which makes up the system.
4 chambers of the heart: divided into right and left separated by myocardial septum. prevents backflow.
Function of nervous system: to coordinate and regulate the bodys many responses to internal and external environmental changes. consists of brain, spinal cord and nerves.
acne: inflammatory process of the subaceous gland
Psychological reactions to illnesses: Fear , anxiety, anger, depression, dependence.We handle these with defense mechanisms- unconscious methods we use to assist in coping.
substance abuse: the excessive use of chemicals, drugs or alcohol in order to cope with daily problems.
sprain: injury to the soft tissue
rash: results in erythema - red skin
structure of Urinary system: 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 bladder, 1 urethra, 1 urinary meatious.
Water: helps body digest food and get rid of waste.Found in water, juices, milk, drink 1-2 liters of water per day recommended by USDA .
Types of muscles: striated, smooth-visceral, cardiac
smooth - visceral: non striated- involuntary - found n intestinal organs , blood vessels, works automatically.
Stress contributes to illness in 4 ways: When stress has a long term wear and tear on the body and mind, it reduces the resistance to disease.Acute episode of intense emotional stress- can directly precipitate a physical element. High stress- chronic or acute can aggravate an already existing illness. Cooped up with someone with unhealthy habits, smoking, eating, drinking, not getting enough sleep, passes on to you causes your level of stress to be higher.
Parathyroids: produces calcuim
tissue: a group of cells that perform a particular function
nose: 2 nares, nasal septum, cilia ( warms moistens- filters air)
capillaries: circulatory system smallest blood vessels in the body. gas exchange takes place at this level.
what a patient worries about: the future, medical treatment, diagnosis, pain, lack of privacy, job security, family problems, money.
lymph vessels: drain eventually into veins
glands: secrete fluid
function of skeletal system: support by forming a framework for body structure and provides shape. provides movement by levers that are activated by the contraction of an attached muscle. protection- protects internal organs. mineral storage- produces blood cells.
pustule: filled with pus and bacteria
anatomy: the study of structure of the body
hygiene: study of health and the observance of health rules.
Vitamin B1: helps brain and nerve cells stay healthy- found in brown rice, whole grains, cereals, milk, meat, fish, eggs and potatos.
subcutaneous: innermost layer - elastic, fiberous tissue, fatty
calculi: kidney stone - made up of calcium, salt that percipitates out of solution
vas deferens: are the straight extensions of the epididymis. this is clipped during a vasectomy.
coronal or frontal plane: anterial or ventral( front) divides body into front and back posterial or dorsal (back)
Signs of stress: inability to sleep, weight loss of gain, worried, drug and alcohol abuse, fight or flight response connected to stress. Lack of concentration, being in a frenzy.
atrium: upper right and left heart chambers ; atria (one)
plasma: fluid portion of the blood, has fibrinogen, prothrombin and antibodies
inhalation: inspiration- act of breathing in.
arteries: circulatory system- carry O2 from the heart to the tissues
Endocrine SYSTEM: -glands
DNA: dioxirovo necleic acid - genetic material
epididymis: stores sperm and produces fluid to mix with sperm that becomes semen.
physiology: study of the function of the body. how the body works.
reproductive system: to reproduce to allwo a new human being to be born. for sexual expression and fulfillment.
types of joints: synovial - fibrous joints - cartilaginous-
straited: skeletal muscles - voluntary attached to the bone by tendons and accounts for bodily movements. controlled consciously.
sicklecell anemia: low O2 from irregular shaped RBC , joint pain, thrombosis, anemia fever.
Hormone: - a substance originating in an organ, gland or part which is conveyed through the blood to another part of the body. Stimulating it by a chemical action to increase functional activity or to increase secretion of another hormone.
adduction: moves the part towards the midline.
testes: gonads inside scrotum- here spermatazoa is produced. secretes testosterone in this area responsible for the secondary sex characteristics.
3 layers of skin: dermis, epidermis, subcutaneous
macule: flat skin eruption
lungs: 2 lungs covered by pleura
system: a group of organs that together make one function
abdominal pelvis region: divided into 6 sections - (top) right hypochondrium - epigastrium - left hypochondrium (middle) right lumbar - umbilical- left lumbar (bottom) right iliac - hypogastric - left iliac.
fibrous joints: do not move - immoveable
nephron: one of many coiled tubes in teh kidneys that function as a basic filtering unit.
transverse: divides top from bottom . superior from inferior. horizontal
Anus: opening of the anal canal. Stool expelled here.
culture: the skills and arts of a given people at a given time
displacment: redirecting an emotion or behavior from the original person or object to another person or object
urinary incontinence: loss of bladder control
pairs of cranial nerves: 12
endocrine: gland that secretes directly into the blood stream.
meninges: nervous system- 3 protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cords. dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater.
Cirrhosis: - inflammation of liver
cerebrum: controls our willful actions- interprets sensory messages from sight, smell, sound, speech and touch and thought patterns. 2 halves hemisphers gray matter- outer, white matter- inner layer
larynx: voice box
paraneum: between rectum and vagina
Transeverse: goes across the body
vagina: enlarges for birth
bronchi: 2 branches that turn into bronchioles- goes right into the alveoli- where gas exchange takes place.
Vitamin B2: helps the skin stay healthy- found in milk and cereal, whole grains, cheese, meat,eggs, fish and chicken.
excretory: pertaining to or bringing about excretion. removing waste from the body, blood or any organ.
wart: eruption of epidermis- usually viral in nature.
depression: as patient realizes death is imminent - depression will set in. It has occured to patients that they will no longer be with thier families or their goals may not be completed.
perastalsis: rythmatic muscle, wavelike motion in the digestive tract causes content to be moved onward.
iron: helps red blood cells carry oxygen, found in red meat, beans dark leafy greens, whole grains.
2 main sections of kidney: cortex (outer section- contains nephrons) medulla ( inner section-contains tubules)
mental: refers to the development of the mind, such as solving problems, judgements, and decision making.
atrophy: wasting away - decrease in size due to lack of use.
ENTIRE JOURNEY: Can take as long as 36 hours
flat bones: thin and flat - sternum red cell production takes place. bone marrow takes place in these bones.
ejaculatory ducts: are the seminal vesicles- yellow fluid produced, thick, contains high amounts of sugar and other nurtrients from the sperm.
aorta: is the largest blood vessel
composition of blood: 78% fluid and 22% solid
superficial: on or near the surface
Vitamin C: helps to keep our gums and bones and skin healthy. F ound in tomatos, oranges, lemons, grapefruit, melons, potatos, green veggies,
bargaining: 3rd stage- after patient has accepted death. patient realizes death is certain- he wants more time so that certain goals might be attained.
alimentary canal: digestive system-general term used for digestive tract.
RBC: erythrocytes- contains hemoglobin- carries O2 and CO2
most single important factor in grooming: Cleanliness
Thyroid gland: anterior of the trachea- responsible for regulating bodys metabolism. Located on either side of the larynx. Needs Iodine to produce its hormone.
ovulation: periodic release of an egg from the ovary
normal respiration: 14-22 per min.
puberty: involves changes that enable members of both sexes to become functionally capable of reproduction.
sudoriferous glands: sweat glands
the amount of food needed each day depends on: age, sex, size and activity
uterus: lies between bladder and rectum. has a cervix- provides for fetus to pass through. shed its edometrium every 4 weeks.
taste buds: salty- front and sides, sweet- front, sour- sides, bitter- back
denial: first stage of the dying process. non-acceptance of the truth either by patient, family or both.
autonomic nervous system: division of peripheral nervous system. that regulates the balance between the involuntary function of the body and causes the body to react in emergency situation.
calorie: unit of heat which produces energy
exhalation: expiration - act of breathing out
medulla oblongata: controls involuntary actions, swallowing, respiratory rate, heart beat, coughing.
4 hallow spaces in the brain: ventricles
subaceous glands: oil glands - lubricates skin
calcium: helps the body build strong bones and teeth. Found in milk and cheese, peas, beans, broccoli, spinach, green veggies, salmon, and sardines.
recommended calories: women and older adults 1600per day; most children and teenage girls, active woman 2200 calories; very active teenage boys, men, and woman 2800 calories.
O2: oxygen
psychological: pertaining to the study of the mind. in all of this relationships normal and abnormal.
life stage: a segment of one's life that spans specific ages, and in which a predictable pattern of growth an development occur.
nerve: combination of several identical nerve fibers located outside of the brain and spinal cord.
CNS: central nervous system- composed of brain , spinal cord and their nerves. has meninges- protective barrier around the brain and spinal cord. layers dura mater, arachnoid mater, pai mater. Spaces between layers : epidural, subdural, subarachnoid
epidermis: outermost layer -melanin - pigmentation of skin, more melanin darker skin.
Rectum: - connected to distal narrow opening of the anal canal.
pharynx 3 parts: nasal pharynx- tonsils, orapharynx- mouth area, laryngopharynx- treachea or esophagus area.
Reasons why good nutrition is essential: promotes a healthier body and mind,provides greater personal energy and vitality,increases resistanece to diseases, speed healing,produces stronger bone and muscles,promotes good posture.
platelets: coagulate blood
Descending colon: continues down left side of the body. Empties into the sigmoid colon
Gallbladder: - main fuction is to receive bile from the liver, remove the water and store the bile until it is needed by the small intestine. Inferior to liver muscular sac.
ligament: skeletal system- connective tissue that holds bones together.
fats: 30% of our energy 9 calories per gram - gives body energy and keeps warm
stomach enzymes: pepsin - breaks down proteins, lipase- breaks down fats, hydrochloric acid- kills pathogens, softens connective tissue in meat,assists in absorption of iron, and activates enzymes.
Ascending colon: coming up right side
UTI: urinary tract infection
Pancreas: - LUQ posterior to stomach produces pancreatic juices, juice contains enzymes amylopsin(responsible for breaking down sugars.) insulin production,Lipase(breaks down fats)Trypsin(breaks down proteins)These enzymes are essential to proper metabolism.
coping mechanisms: defense mechanisms; the psychological or physical methods by which an individual adjusts or adapts to a challenge or stressful situation.
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross: leading expert in th area of death and dying; the first to identify the five stages of the dying process.
Liver and pancreas has both glands: endocrine and exocrine
cyst: plugged subaceous gland
death: the end of life as indicated by the permanent cessation of all vital functions; the absence of brain stem and spinal reflexes, and flat EEG's over at least a 24 hour period.
cranial: head cephal-o
meosis: reproductive cell for ovaries and testes.
proximal: always nearest the point of the structure of the trunk
joints: ponts where bones meet. articulation.
alopecia: baldness
stress: refers to any event or situation that is perceived by a person to be threatening and which disturbs his or her state of balance, or equilibrium. equilibrium involves his or her physical well-being, mental health, and spiritual life.
Cecum: RLQ attached to the ileum of the small intestine.
atrophy: to decrease in size - wasting away- usually due to lack of use.
Vitamin D: helps to build strong bones and teeth- found in eggs, milk, butter, fish and oils.
Reasons why health occupation students need knowledge of nutrition: To be prepared to select and prepare food to maintain health.To teach
enzyme: complex protein located within the mitochondria that increases the speed of a chemical reatiocn without changing themselves
Largest organ is: -skin.
GI system: take in and absorb nutrients and eliminate waste. all food taken into the body must be broken down into chemical parts that can be absorbed and used by cells
Function of Lymphatic system: to remove excess fluid and waste from the tissue by working with the circulatory system.
ovaries or gonads: which produces estrogen responsible for the secondary sex characteristics
PID: pelvic inflammatory disease
kidney failure: dialysis- blood taken out of the body- filtered through and put back in. Check access bruit - hear with stethoscope, feel thrill, lets you know access is working properly.
CHIME: digestive system- semi solid mass found in the stomach, which is formed by the mixture of the gastric secretions
distal: furthest away
anger: 2nd stage- Hostility and bitterness become apparent. will often strike out at anyone who happens to come in contact with them.
peripheral nervous system: nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord
Stress related illnesses: 50-80% of illness are stress related. The American academy of family physicians est. that 2/3 of all appointments with family doctors involves some stress related problems.
sleep required: Infant- 16 hours,2-3 yrs need 12 hours,Adults & teenages 7.5 -8 hours,Over 50 less than that.
growth: generally refers to changes in the structure or size of a living organsim.
palliative: care which serves but does not heal.
projection: involves attributing ones own undesirable qualities to another person
midbrain: conducts impulese throughout the whole brain, conducts visual and auditory reflexes.
mitosis: cell reproduction - makes 2 daughter cells- 2 identical cells.
irregular bones: complex shape and structure - non symmetrical
hernia: weakened muscle wall . protrustion of tissue
WBC: leukocytes- white blood cells
abduction: moves the part away from the midline.
how many quarts of blood: 5-6 circulating every 20 seconds.
short bones: wrist areas
Liver Has 5 functions:: To produce bile breakdown fats and make them soluable( dissolvable in water); Stores simple sugars in the form of glycogen.;Stores certain vitamins such as A D B;Produces heparin ( protein that keeps blood from clotting - anticoagulate) fibrinogen and prothrombin;Detoxifies body, pesticides, alcohol, pathogens that may have entered the blood from the intestine.
3 layers of the heart: endocardium- innermost, myocardium - muscular middle, epicardium- outermost layer.
breast: mamory glands for lactation
systitis: inflammation of the urinary bladder
joint: a place where two or more bones meet.
body planes: transverse, midsaggital, coronal or frontal
fallopian tubes: 5 inches of fimbraie - where fertilization occurs
CO2: carbon dioxide
parasympathetic nervous system: part of the autonomic nervous system that acts in specific ways to compliment the activities of the sympathetic nervous system.
Enviornmental factors that will effect body systems: Air pollution, solid waste, water pollution, noise, radiation, population, weather,Cultural beliefs also effect our body systems. Can be healthy or unhealthy.
papule: firm red area
5 stages of dying: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
integumentary system 5 functions: protection, regulate temperature, sensory receptors, absorption, excrete
midsaggital: divides into right and left protions. right down the middle of the body.
accessory glands: hair and nails
types of rashes: macule, papule, pustule
extension: makes the angle at the joint larger.
bulimia: characterized by binge4s of overeating followed by voluntary vomiting, fasting or induced diarrhea.
dyspenia: difficult or painful breathing
urinary system 3 functions: excrete waste, maintain water balance, maintain acid base and electrolyte balance.
strain: stretching the muscle beyond its limits or limitations.
decubitus ulcers: bed sores - pressure on boney surface- decreased circulation
Food pyramid: oils and sweets sparingly, milk and cheeses 2-3; meat, poultry, fish 2-3; veggies 3-5; fruits 2-4; grains 6-11
saliva: moistens and partially digests food- has enzyme ptyalin
ventral cavities: front- includes thoracic, abdominal , or pelvic.
proteins: 15% of our energy - 4 calories per gram
Defense mechanisms: one way we handle stress unconsciously.
types of movements: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
caudal: tail or tailbone
Repression: the barring from conscious thought of painful disagreeable thoughts. Experiences or impulses.To go backwards.
emotional: refers to one's feelings
insertion: fixed to a moveable part of the bone.
quadrants: use belly button as central. LUQ, RUQ LLQ RLQ
Muscular system function: to produced movement by means of contraction, maintain posture, produce heat and energy.
compensation: physical and mental inferiorities may be the driving force. healthy and unhealthy compensations.
diaphragm: muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
epiglottis: flap of cartiledge closes when we swallow so that food and fluid do not go into lungs
STD: sexually transmitted diseases
exocrine: a gland that transports secretions to another part of the body via ducts.
development: generally refers to successive changes in process of one's natural growth.
right to die: a controversial issue concerning the right of a terminally ill patient to request that no life-sustaining measures be taken.
Heart: size of fist- lies in middle of chest- left of sternum
brain stem 3 areas: midbrain- pons- medulla oblongata
rationalization: using alogical reason or acceptable explanation for a particular behavior that makes the behavior seem appropriate.
Stress: the response or change in the body caused by emotional,physical,social and economic factors.Stress depends on how we perceive the event.
auditory: refers to hearing
function of respiratory system: give teh body air and supply oxygen to the cells through the blood and eliminate CO2
urethra: tube that extends from the bladder to the outside of the body- transports urine from
directional terms: based on correct anatomical position. forward, hands palms outward- forward- feet slightly apart.
factors which influence eating habits: Personal attitudes,Region and availability,INCOME.
social: refers to a person's interactions and relationships with other members of society.
lymph nodes: located in certain parts of the body -called glands- axill (armpit), groin, job is to filter out impurties such as pathogens or cancer cells
Sigmoid colon: s shaped connected to rectum 6-8 inches temporary storage.
food stays in stomach?: 30 min to 4 hours
Psycho-social stressors: financial problems, birth, death, marriages, moving, jobs, lack of food,
carbohydrates: 55% of body energy 1. sugar- gives body quick energy; 2. starch- gives body longer lasting energy 3. fiber- helps body remove waste. 4 calories per gram
trachea: windpipe- allows air to pass from the atmosphere to the lungs.
lateral: always on the side
cartilaginous: slightly moveable
Displacement: emotions expressed for someone or something other than the source of the emotion.
Endocrine: - ductless and must depend on the blood of lymph systems to transport their secretion to the different body tissues.
Psycho-social factors related to illness: Losses, control, privacy, independence, sense of who you are, uncertainty about the future. Financial concerns, spiritual concerns, family or social concerns, cultural concerns.
physical: refers to growth of the body
central: abdominal area
hospice: a supportive agency offering care and counseling to dying patients and their families; a program consisting of pallative and supportive services. provides psychological, financial, spiritual and social counseling. Main objective is to allow patient to die with dignity.
Acceptance: final stage of dying- completing unfinished business will be the priority. The patient may begin to help the survivors deal with the finality of death.
cardiac muscle: found in heart only
pons: bridge that conducts impulses
Colon: - 5 ft. long 2 inches in diameter. Material s to be eliminated from the bodfy willenter the proximal portion of the large intestine. FUNCtion IS TO absorb water, and any remaining nutrients, storage of indigestible material, removal of waste. No villi.
medial: midline
Reaction formation: the conscious behavior is completely opposite to the unconscious process.
veins: have one way valves
Exocrine: - have ducts or tubes to transport secretion form the gland to another organ or part of the body.
fertilization: union of an ovum and sperm to form a zygote from which and embryo develops.
cerebellum: muscle tone co-ordination, balance, equilibruim

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