Ch 15 IDs
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- Sweden
- weak economy, monarchy, competition with nobles, Gustavus Adolphus put nobles in charge which freed him up to go to 30 yrs war,
- battle of rocroi
- 1643: France beats spain (the french intervene against fellow catholics because they wanted to stop the power of spain and austra --> no religious connection, purely political move), spain lost military advantage/power
- Franco-Swedish Phase
- 1635-1648: catholic french + prot swedes VS cath hapsburgs of Gr and Sp. French beat spain in battle of Rocroi, 1643. french continue winning streak
- bohemian phase
- 1618-1625 protestants defenestrate catholic emissaries (May 1618), Prots replace Ferdinand with Frederick of the Palatinate, Frederick defeated in battle of white mountain (11/8/1620). Ferdinand declared Bohemia catholic. (spain intervened in 1622 to aid catholic cause)
- time of troubles
- period of anarchy between Ivan and Peter. Romanov dynasty introduced in 1623 with Michael Romanov ; schism in russian orthodox church + merchant and peasant revolts = turmoil
- Great Northern War
- 1701-21: Peter attacked sweden (with help fro danish and polish) and was defeated in 1700. let to war which Russia basically won.
- Edict of Restitution
- 3/1629: Ferdinand, prohibited Calvinist worship in HRE and restored land to catholic church
- Military Revolution
- 1560-1650: salvo (GA), all infantry fire at once, increased flexibility, mobility on tactics and formations, coordination, training necessary --> large standing armies --> needed to be funded by taxes
- Swedish Phase
- 1630-1635: Gustavus Adolphus (lutheran swede) died in battle of Lutzen 1632 but won battle. swedes defeated in next battle of nordlingen 1634 --> ensures a catholic germany, Ferdinand annulled edict of restitution
- Cardinal Richelieu
- under Louis 13, policies strengthened monarchy, power away from nobles, anti hapsburg, anti-Huguenots involvement (tried to take power away from them (as in the Peace of Alais 1629) which they had won from Henry the IV in the Edict of Nantes 1598), Intendants (sale of office), Raison d'etat (state has right to do anything)
- Danish Phase
- 1625-1629: Christian (lutheran) defeated by Wallenstein (a prot). danish lose supremacy in baltic, Edict of restitution (1629), Ferdinand forced by german princes to dismiss Wallenstein (W getting too powerful)
- Italy
- strong catholic sentiment. passed from spanish hands to austrian hands after war of ss
- absolutism
- ruler ordained by god who has complete control over the nation
- 30 yrs war
- 1618-1648, 4 phases, last of the religious wars, first religion then politics, HRE broke up into hundreds of principalities/states, spain now 2nd power, france 1st, separation of church and state, brought about military revolution
- Louis 14
- 1643-1715: wanted to do everything himself. controlled nobles by keeping them entertained at versaille. "One king, one law, one faith"
- Ottoman Empire
- Sultan Suleiman 1520-1566: conquered much of eastern europe by mid 1530s. effective, organized gov't system and military. Janissaries, battle of lepanto 1571: naval battle, catholic forces defeated ottomans and ended their domination of the mediterranean sea 1683: ottomans invaded vienna again and defeated again,
- Austria
- hapsburgs made own empire (Austria + bohemia + --> Treaty of Karlowitz 1699: hungary, transylvania + lands from w of ss). --> no centralized state emerged b/c of the variety of nationalities and ethnic groups
- War of the Spanish Succession
- 1702-1713: Philip V succeeded spanish throne yet he was Louis 14's grandson. French and Spanish union possible. Coalition (engl, holland, austria, germany) fought against union. --> Peace of Utrecht: Philip = king but the sp and fr monarchies must remain separate, spain lost netherlands and parts of italy to austria, england got some french land
- Table of Ranks
- 1722: granted noble and military positions to non-nobles
- Peace of Westphalia
- 1648: officially ended war (french technically won,). all german states free to determine own religion, religion separate from politics, recognition of netherlands as country (United Provinces),
- Christina
- 1633-1654 left ruling to nobles, Riksdag protested, she handed to cousin Charles X who restored domestic order
- Charles XI
- organized absolute monarchy, built bureaucracy, decreased power of Riksdag, improved navy/military. son charles XII too ambitious and lost much territory to russia (great northern war)
- battle of nordlingen
- 1634: swedes defeated and driven out of south germany (they had no leader and they were too far from the coast to escape back to sweden)
- battle of lepanto
- 1571: naval battle, catholic forces defeated ottomans and ended their domination of the mediterranean sea
- Ivan 4
- 1533-1584: crushed nobility, expanded eastward ; rigid society
- Prussia
- Frederick William (1640-1688) built an army to protect scattered territories of B-P during 30 yrs war. controled nobles by not taxing them and by giving them full control over peasants plus position in military. brandenburg-prussia
- battle of white mountain
- 11/1620: Frederick defeated and exiled in holland (lost bohemian and palatinate crown)
- Fronde
- (Louis 14 + Cardinal Mazarin), Parlement + nobles + common ppl. nobles revolted 1st in 1648-49 and achieved victory by kicking L14+M out of Paris. 2nd 1650, nobles take over but they start fighting amongst themselves and they are forced to bring back king. ended 1652
- Peter
- 1689-1725: westernize russia, 1st standing army and navy, reorganized central gov't and split up russia into 50 states 1719, mercantilism to fund military, replaced patriarch with holy synod in 1721, wanted to be a part of western european trade. st petersburg
- Jean Baptist Colbert
- mercantilism, gov't supported rise of new industries, raised tariffs, direct tax on peasant, --> bullion reserve, balance of trade, colonies
- Treaty of Ryswick
- L forced to give up most of conquered territory
- Edict of Fontainebleau
- 1685: annulled edict of nantes. destroyed Huguenot churches and protestant schools
- Battle of Lutzen
- 1632: swedes win battle against reinstated Wallenstein but GA dies. --> proves disasterous to swedish cause
- Peace of Nystadt
- 1721: granted peter Estonia, Livonia, Karelia --> opened up baltic for russia
- Spain
- spain falls because they depended too much on colonies (demand driven inflation by 1600s). no entrepreneurial spirit, not much industry to fall back on and replace colonies, they spent too much on consumer goods and not capital goods. internal problems left unsolved by both Philip 3 and Philip 4
- war of the League of Augsburg
- 1689-97: League = sp, hre, united provinces, sweden, engl: fought french annexation of strasbourg ; brought famine + economic hardship, Treaty of Ryswick L forced to give up most of conquered territory
- Peace of Pyrenees
- 1659: officially ended war b/t Fr and Sp; spain now 2nd class power; Fr dominant force.