Engin 100 Exam 2
Terms
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- def Risk
- probability of hazardous consequences
- Risk=
- (probability of undesired outcome)*(Size of loss)
- Risk assessment examins (3):
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Kind and degree of hazard
Extent of exposure (and to whom)
Present or potential risks - Two types of risk assessment
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Ecological health assessment(effects on plants, animals, waterways...)
Human health assessment (Individual effects, societal effects, unequal effects) - risk Management
- Decision making process that considers social, political, economic, and engineering info along with risk related info to develop analyze and compare options and to select appropriate actions
- Goals of risk Management
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ALARA-as low as reasonably achievable
Risk-cost-benifit analysis-reduced risk worth the cost relative to beefits
De minimis risk-regulatory cutoff below which the risk is trivial - Some types of system failures
-
Mechanical
Interface
Human-induced
Exernal - Influence diagrams
- tools for visualizing relationships between different system elements
- Different types of phenomenon (squares...)
-
Decisions-boxes
chances events-oval
calculations-rounded box
Objectives-hexagon - Event and Decision Trees-(6)
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Logical identification of outcomes
Probabilistic (probabilities in series)
Decision nodes and probability nodes
Begins with initiating event (or decision)
Allows for comparison of paths
Supports decision_making and policy - Decision and event tree notation
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Box for decision node
circle for probability node
sideways triangle or small circle for end node
Letters (such as P) and subscripts for probabilities - Risk-Cost-Benifit Analysis
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Compares benefits with probability and magnitude of bad consequences
assumes diminishing returns
usually needs common metric
can be combined with event and/or decision trees - Risk-Cost-Benifit fundamentals
-
measures of costs and benefits
estimates of risk (probabilities)
Mathematical equation for expressing the relationship between these three - Factors affecting Risk Perception
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Voluntary/involuntary
effects immediate or delayed
risk known or uncertain
occupational exposure or not
common hazard or dread
consequences reversible or irreversible
publicity - Econoic topics important to engineers
-
Rate of return
Interest
Present worth/future worth, discounting
Installment loans
Cost-Benefit comparisons
Life-Cycle analysis - Stages of Product Life Cycle
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material extraction
Material processing
Manufacturing
Use
Waste management - Life Cycle Analysis
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Bases decisions on a long-term view
Recycle
Remanufacture
Reuse
Reduce - Goals of industrial ecology
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Circulate and reuse materials
reduce the amount of materials used in products
minimize or elimainate the flow of harmful substances
minimize use of energy and flow of heat back into the environment - Areas of Concern in industrial ecology
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Atmospheric pollution
Water pollution
Solid and hazardous wastes
Radioactive wastes
Land use, habitat, and ecosystems impacts - Two major fields of economics
- Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
- Annual Percentage Rate
- Effects of different compounding periods expressed as if compounded annualy
- Structure of a paragraph
-
Transition
Core topic sentence
Body
Transistion - Properties of good powerPoint presentations
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Simple
Clean
Subtle
Consistent
Balenced - Properties of bad powerPoint presentations
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Clutter
Obviousness
Decorativeness
Sloppieness
Arbitraryness - Three Parts to a formal report
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Front matter
Body
End Matter - Parts to the Front Matter
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Cover
Tital Page
Table of Contents
Lists of Tables and Figures
Executive summary - Parts of the body
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Background on problem
Criteria/Method of evaluating findings
Available options
Findings/results
Discussion/Interpretation
Conclusions/recomendations - Parts of End Matter
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Blank Page
Appendicies
References
Back Cover - Structure of an executive summary
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Background Element
Summary Element
Future-Oriented Element - Problems with sentences
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Hidden Verbs and subjects
Fualty parallelism
Misplaced and dangling modifiers
Unclear Emphasis
Vague relationships between ideas
Lack of point of view - Entities affected by failure
-
Empoyees/workers
End users of the technology
Public as a whole
Natural Environmental - Ten Steps to engineering design (H and R)
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1.Identify the need and define the problem
2.Assemble design team
3.ID constraints and criteria for success
4.Search for solutions
5.Analyze eac potential solution
6.Select the best solution
7.Document the solution
8.Communicate solution to management
9.Construct the solution
10.Verify and evaluate solution's efficancy - 5 steps in Dym and Little design process
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1.Problem definition
2.Conceptual design
3.Preliminary design
4.Detailed design
5.Design communication - Haik view of design process
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1.Need
2.Goals
3.Market analysis
4.Functions
5.Specifications
6.Conceptualization
7.Evaluating alternatives
8.Analysis
9.Experiment
10.Marketing $$$