Geography 121: 2nd test
Terms
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- What is Heat?
- a form of energy that flows from one system or object to another becuase the two are at different temperatures.
- What is Tempurature?
- a measure of the average kinetic energy (motion) of individual molecules in matter.
- What is the freezing and the boiling point of water on the Celsius scale?
- freezing= 0 and boiling=100
- How is zero degrees Kelvin defined?
- absolute zero
- What are the principal temperature controls?
- latitudinal heat balance, and sun angle and radiation pathway
- how does latitude affect the annual course of temps?
- lower latitude equals higher sun angles, and greater heat
- how do sun angles affect the temp
- higher sun angles= increased insolation= greater heat
- What is an isotherm?
- line that connects points on a map with equal temps. (shown on weather channels as colors)
- What is a Thermal Equator?
- a line connecting all points with the highest mean temps.
- Where is the thermal equator in January?
- Is located over the S Hemisphere and bends southward over the continents.
- Where is the thermal equator located in July?
- over the N hemisphere, bends northward over the continents
- What are primary and secondary pollutants?
- primary-directly emitted pollutants, secondary-pollutants resulting from chemical transformations of primary pollutants(ex acid rain)
- what are main sources of pollutants?
- transportation, fuel combustion, industrial process
- Carbon Monoxide
- sources-transportation, forest fires, volcanic eruptions. effects-dispaces O2 in the bloodstream, headaches, vision and judgement losses
- Nitrogen Oxides
- sources-fuel combustion, transportation. effects-inflames respiratory system, destroys lung tissue, damages plants
- Sulfur Oxides
- sources-fuel combustion (coal burning) effects-impares breathing, weathers monuments and buildings
- Particulates
- sources-fires, fuel combustion, industrial process, transportation. effects- reduce visibility, respiratory system problems
- VOCs
- sources-incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, cleaning and paint solvants. effects-photochemical smog
- Ozone (O3)
- sources-photochemical reactions. effects-damages plants, damages respiratory system (bronchitis, pneumonia)
- Industiral Smog
- source-burning coal, industrial process. "london smog"
- Photochemical Smog
- sources-transportation. "LA fog"
- Clean Air Act
- 1970. identifies most widespread pollutants
- National Ambient Air Quality Standards
- sets levels that protect environmental and human health
- What is the average body temp, both C and F
- 36.8C or 98.2F
- Wind Chill Temperature Index
- indicates how cold a particular temp feels given a certain wind speed
- Heat Index
- incorporates the effect of high atmospheric moisture at high temps
- Urban Climate effect on insolation and precipitation.
- less insolation and more precipitation
- Anticyclone
- High pressure
- cyclone
- Low pressure
- Average pressure at sea level
- 1013mb
- what is pressure gradient?
- vertical pressure gradient and gravity in balance
- Anemometer
- faster the rotation of the cups, the faster the wind SPEED
- wind vane
- points in the direction the wind is coming from
- What is an ITCZ?
- bands of clouds associated with the convergence of winds along the equator.
- Hadley Cell
- air expands and diverges toward higher latitudes. some of the wettest areas on earth.
- What is the air at the Poles like?
- cold and dense
- Ferrel Cells
- poleward of each hadley cell. circulate air between subtropical highs and subpolar lows.
- Polar front
- weather front located typically in the midlatitues that seperates arctic and polar air masses from tropical air masses
- Rossby Wave
- upper air westerlies. cause meridional flow of warm air from s to n and cold air from n to s
- Length of rossby wave
- approx 4000-6000km
- Jet Stream (definition and location)
- narrow bands of high wind velocity in the upper troposphere. part of midlatitude westerlies.
- Land breeze
- nighttime conditions (flows from land to water)
- Sea breeze
- Daytime conditions (flows from water to land)
- Mountain Breeze
- at night (warm goes down into valley)
- Valley Breeze
- at day (warm air rises out of valley)
- Katabatic Winds
- gravity drainage winds. "going downhill"
- Mistral wind
- Katabatic wind in S France. cold air generated funneled through Garone and Rhone Valleys
- Bora wind
- N to NE Kabatic wind in Adriatic or Aegean Sea.
- Foehn wind/chinook wind
- hot winds flow down the side of mtn ranges/chinook=east side of rockies
- Monsoon
- annual cycle of dryness and wetness, with seasonally shifting winds produced by changing atmospheric pressure systems
- Ocean currents in N Hemisphere
- Gulf stream and kuroshio