Physical Science 1 Final Exam

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Age of the Universe?: 14 billion years
All large spirals and elipticals probably have what at thier centers?: Black holes
Asthenospheres and lithosphere.: Boundary between rising rocks.
Big Bang what does it mean?: Begining of the universe.
Characteristics of population I and II objects: Classifications of stars, milky Way, glaxy and sun.
Characteristics of Red Giant Stars.: Slant/cool-red, dying stars
Chief sourse of the energy that powers geological processes today.: Internal Heat.
Denisity of granitic continental crust compared to basaltic oceanic crust: heavy rock dense granite
Element that is most abundant in earth's crust.: Oxygen
End state of a heavy star(greater than about 8 solar masses): neutron star
End state of stars starting with less than about 8 solar masses.: white dwarf
Energy source of quasars: bright far away galaxy formed matter falling into a black hole
Evidence suggests that the universe consists of dark energy dark matter and barionic (visible) matter, what are these proportions roughly: 75% dark energy, 20% dark matter, 10% visible
For building large telescopes which is the best glass lenses or mirrors: mirrors
galactic shapes: major kinds:
spiral: organized rotation gas and dust contributes to star formation, 10 new stars per year.
eliptical: no definate rotation, old, used up all gas and dust, no new star formation.
irregulars:
3 heavy elements in the earth were a consequence of what?: Previous super-nova explosions, material ejected contributes to gas and dust in galaxy contributing to new stars.
How does the age of oceanic crust compare with continental crust.: Oceanic: basaltic, young
Continental: grantic, old
How is the Pacific Plate moving to create the San Andreas Fault: Transform Fault: sliding motion
H-R diagram, most stars are where?: On the main sequence, 90%
Information about the orgin of the universe does not come from what evidence?: Hydrogen and Helium, background radiation.
Matter-antimatter proportion in the universe.: When creating matter, antimatter particle is created, all anti matter has disappeared. We live in a "matter" universe.
Mid-ocean ridge: Divergent Plate boundary (creating new basaltic crust)
Mineral characteristics as far as shape, state of matter and chemical composition.: Shape: chrystilline solid, solid state of matter
Most volcanoes are located where: subduction zones (ie. Jananese Island)
Ocean Floors consist mainly of: basalt, denser heavier rock
Present age and expected lifetime of the sun and earth: 4-5 billion years old, expected 10 billion.
Primary cosmic rays from where do they arise and from where do they circulate: 27 primary, they are really particals from super nova explosions and are ciculating at a constant rate, arise from...
regions in which molten rock rises and spreads out in the earths crust are called what: Divergent plate boundaries
Stars whose intrinsic brightness (luminousity and period of variation are related): Cepheie Variables slight change in luminousity variables
Subduction Zone: Convergent Plate boundary
Sun has what location in what galaxy?: 2/3 way out from galactic center
Sun's energy source: Nuclear fusion of hydrogen and helium
Sun spots effects on earth: magnetic fields, solar flares, for example can effect earth, can disrupt communication.
The metamorphism of shale may produce what metamophic rock: slate
The proportionality between the reccession speeds of the galaxies and thier distaces from the earth is known as?: Hubles Law: V=H x d
The Richter Earthquake magnitude Scale: Powers of 10:
2 magnitude division is 10 times the amplitude (height of wave)
3 magnitude 100 amplitude, etc.
Today's universe is bathed in a sea of radio waves called what?: Cosmic Microwave Background radiation
What does it mean that a star has a red shift?: Moving away, light is shifting toward the red end of the spectrum.
What force makes a black hole black: gravity
What property can be determined from double binary stars?: mass
What was the cosmic abundance of helium created?: 3 minutes after the big bang
Acceleration of gravity acting on a projectile in 1 dimention: Freely falling only gravity is acting on it. gravity is always acting on an object no matter where it is. 9.8 m/s^2
Acceleration, calculation: Change in velocity/Time it takes to make the change
Acceleration two ways it can occur: Speeding up, slowing down, or change direction
Action and reaction pairs for a falling object: All forces occur in pairs, action reaction, push, pull
Alpha decay, Reason for.: For heaviest elements: too heavy to be stable, so decays, too many nuclear particles
Archimedes Principle as applies to a floating object: Water displaced is equal to weight of object floating
Atom and nuceus, relative sizes: Nucleus is very small compared to whole atom
Beta Decay, why does it occur: Too many neutrons for the nucleus to be stable
Calculation of electric power: power = current x voltage

P = I x V
Classification of matter: mixtures, compounds, elements
Compositions, Revolutions, rotation, axial tilt of the planets: Inner planets: Rocky, terrestrial
Outer Planets : Gas
Axial: Different depending on planet
Consequences of the postulates of Einsteins Special relativity: effects time, slows, lengthens, contracts
Copernicus what was he known for.: helio centric world view
Covalent bonding: Sharing of electrons, ie. carbon
Current length standard in the metric system: distance traveled by light in 1/300 million seconds
definition of energy: ability or capacity to do work
Einsteins General Relativity: Matter warps or distorts and;local distortion of space time by matter is gravity.
Electric transformers: Transform Voltage
Element and compound difference in the two: Element: one kind of atom
Compound: different atoms bonded together
Element what defines it: # of protons
Energy transformations: energy is never destroyed just transformed from one form to another
Evaporative process: Dissapearance of high speed particles from liquid lowering temperature of body of liquid.
Fission and fusion: fundamental thing that happens in these processes: Turning some mass into energy
Fundamental cause of electromagnetic waves: Electric charges accelerating
Heat engine ways to increase efficiency: Ethermal =1-(Tc/Th), increase high temp or decrease low temp
Hetero and homogeneous mixtures: Hetero: mixed composition
Homo: Same composition
How many bonds must carbon and oxygen come from?: Carbon - 4
Oxygen - 2
Jupiters mass, composition, internal structure, surface features: -Very massive (300 times of earth)
-mostly gas,
-internal liquid gas under pressure
-convection currents smeared into bands
-
Law of Inertia (Newton's First Law): Object resists a change in motion, has inertia
Magnetism: Fundamental Cause: Electric charges in motion
Momentum conservation: recoil: High Velocity bullet out of gun, recoil motion of gun \velocity x mass
equal both ways
Best moon origion theory: Giant Impact
Newton's Second Law, analysis: acceleration = force/mass all falling objects accelerate at same rate
Number of compounds and elements found in Nature: about 100 elements: innumerable compouds
Why is organic compound number so large?: Carbon can bond to itself and other elements
O is _____ bonded to C in functional groups.: double
R-OH: Alcohol
R=C-H O: Aldehyde
R-C-OH O: Carboxyl Acids
R-O-R: Ether
R-C-R O: Ketone
R-C-O-R O: Ester
Projectile motion: motion in 2 directions
(vertical and horzontal)
horzontal: has no forces acting on it
vertical: gravity acts on object
solar eclipse: eclipse of sun

SUN MOON EARTH
lunar eclipse: SUN EARTH MOON
Defintion of temperature at the microscopic level: Measure of average random kenetic energy of a particle (straight line kenetic energy)
Fundamental cause of tide raise by moon.: One side of moon is closer to sun. same pull on opposite sides
Surface characteristics, and causes of Venus and Mars: Venus - hot, runway greehouse effect too close to sun
Mars - cold, runway refrigerator effect too far from sun

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