Unit 7 APHG Terms

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Council of government: A cooperative agency consisting of representatives of local governments in a metropolitan area in the United States.
Filtering: process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupation to abandonment.
Gentrification: The trend of middle- and upper-income Americans moving into city centers and rehabilitating much of the architecture but also replacing low-income populations, and changing the social character of certain neighborhoods.
Central Business District: The area of the city where retail and office activities are clustered.
Islamic cities: Cities in Muslim countries that owe their structure to their religious beliefs. Islamic cities contain mosques at their center and walls guarding their perimeter. Open-air markets, courtyards surrounded by high walls, and dead-end streets, which limit foot traffic in residential neighborhoods, also characterize Islamic cities.
Trading bloc: A group of neighboring countries that promote trade with each other and erect barriers to limit trade with other blocs
Transportation and information services: Services that diffuse and distribute services.
Service: An activity that fulfills a human Want or need and returns money to those who provide it.
Gravity model: A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must tra\'el to reach the service.
Urban renewal: Program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private members, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers.
Segregation: The process that results from suburbanization when affluent individuals leave the city center for homogenous suburban neighborhoods. This process isolates those individuals who cannot afford to consider relocating to suburban neighborhoods and must remain in certain pockets of the central city.
Labor intensive industry: An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses.
Peripheral model: A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.
Central Place theory: theory A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.
Metropolitan statistical area (MSA): In the United States, a central city of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city.
Micropolitan statistical area: An urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found, and adjacent counties tied to the city.
Latin American cities: Cities in Latin America that owe much of their struc-
Edge city: City that is located on the outskirts of larger cities and serves many of the same functions of urban areas, but in a sprawling, decentralized suburban environment.
Textile: A fabric made by weaving, used in making clothing
Basic Industries: sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement.
Right to work state: A U.S. state that has passed a law preventing a union and company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment.
Edge city: A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area.
Central Place: A market center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area.
Node: Geographical center of activity. A large city, such as Los Angeles, has numerous nodes.
Settlement: A permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants.
Hinterland: The market area surrounding an urban center, which that urban center serves.
Urban growth boundary: Geographical boundaries placed around a city to limit suburban growth with~n that city.
Fordist production: Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.
Colonial city: City established by colonizing empires as administrative centers. Often they were established on already existing native cities, completely overtaking their infrastructures.
Bulk reducing industry: An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.
Enclosure movement: The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.
Inner city decay: Those parts of large urban areas that lose significant portions of their populations as a result of change in industry or migration to suburbs. Because of these changes, the inner city loses its tax base and becomes a center of poverty.
Underclass: A group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics.
Ghettoization: A process occurring in many inner cities in which they become dilapidated centers of poverty, as affluent whites move out to the suburbs and immigrants and people of color vie for scarce jobs and resources.
Urbanization: An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.
Clustered rural settlement: A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each otller and fields surround the settlement.
Range: The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.
Action space: The geographical area that contains the space an individual interacts with on a daily basis.
World City: Centers of economic, culture, and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce.
Consumer Services: Services that provide for the well-being and personal improvement of individual consumers.
Producer services: Services that primarily help people conduct business.
Primate city: A country's leading city, with a population that is disproportionately greater than other urban areas within the same country.
Industrial Revolution: A series of imprmements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods
Megalopolis: Several, metropolitan areas that were originally separate but that have joined together to form a large, sprawling urban complex.
Census tract: An area delineated bv the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods.
European cities: Cities in Europe that were mostly developed during the Medieval Period and that retain many of the same characteristics such as extreme density of development with narrow buildings and winding streets, an ornate church that prominently marks the city center, and high walls surrrounding the city center that provided defense against attack.
Suburb: Residential communities, located outside of city centers, that are usually relatively homogenous in terms of population.
City-State: A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland..
Economic base: A community's collection of basic industries.
Feudal city: Cities that arose during the Middle Ages and that actually represent a time of relative stagnation in urban growth. This system fostered a dependent relationship between wealthy landowners and peasants who worked their land, providing very little alternative economic opportunities.
Rank size rule: A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the 11th largest settlement is Un the population of the largest settlement.
Personal Services: Manufacturing activities in which cost of transporting both raw materials and finished product is not important for determining the location of the firm.
Gentrification: A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly lm,--income renter-occupied area to a predOlninantly middle-class owner-occupied area.
Medieval cities: Cities that developed in Europe during the Medieval Period and that contain such unique features as extreme density of development with narrow buildings and winding streets, an ornate church that prominently marks the city center, and high walls surrounding the city center that provided defense against attack.
Site factors: Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside the plant, such as land, labor, and capital.
Break of Bulk point: A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.
Industrial Revolution: Period characterized by the rapid social and economic changes in manufacturing and agriculture that occurred in England during the late 18th century and rapidly diffused to other parts of the developed world.
Nonbasic industries: Industries that sell their products primarily to consumers in the community.
Greenbelt: A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.
Megacities: Cities, mostly characteristic of the developing world, where high population growth and migration have caused them to explode in population since World War II. All megacities are plagued by chaotic and unplanned growth, terrible pollution, and widespread poverty.
Consumer Services: Businesses that provide sen;ces primarily to individual consumers, including retail sen-ices and personal servICes.
Density gradient: The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery.
New international division of labor: Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.
Dispersed rural settlement: A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages.
Retail Services: Services that prmide goods for sale to consumers.
Cottage industry: Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.
Sector model: A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD).
City Beautiful Movement: Movement in environmental design that drew directly from the beaux arts school. Architects from this movement strove to impart order on hectic, industrial centers by creating urban spaces that conveyed a sense of morality and civic pride, which many feared was absent from the frenzied new industrial world.
Metropolitan area: Within the United States, an urban area consisting of one or more whole county units, usually containing several urbanized areas, or suburbs, that all act together as a coherent economic whole.
Urban revitalization: The process occurring in some urban areas experiencing inner city decay that usually involves the construction of new shopping districts, entertainment venues, and cultural attractions to entice young urban professionals back into the cities where nightlife and culture are more accessible.
Urban sprawl: The process of expansive suburban development over large areas spreading out from a city, in which the automobile provides the primary source of transportation.
Business services: Services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses.
Concentric zone model: Model that describes urban environments as a series ofrings of distinct land uses radiating out from a central core, or central business district.
Multiple nuclei model: A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.
Squatter settlements: Residential developments characterized by extreme poverty that usually exist on land just outside of cities that is neither owned nor rented by its occupants.
Annexation: Legally adding land area to a city in the United States.
Central place theory: A theory formulated by Walter Christaller in the early 1900s that explains the size and distribution of cities in terms of a competitive supply of goods and services to dispersed populations.
Postmodern architecture: A reaction in architectural design to the feeling of sterile alienation that many people get from modern architecture. Postmodernism uses older, historical styles and a sense of lightheartedness and eclecticism. Buildings combine pleasant-looking forms and playful colors to convey new ideas and to create spaces that are more people-friendly than their modernist predecessors.
Rank-size rule: Rule that states that the population of any given town should be inversely proportional to its rank in the country's hierarchy when the distribution of cities according to their sizes follows a certain pattern.
Sector model: A model or urban land use that places the central business district in the middle with wedge-shaped sectors radiating outwards from the center along transportation corridors.
Zoning ordinance: A law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community.
Beaux arts: This movement within city planning and urban design that stressed the marriage of older, classical forms with newer, industrial ones. Common characteristics of this period include wide thoroughfares, spacious parks, and civic monuments that stressed progress, freedom, and national unity.
Modern architecture: Point of view, wherein cities and buildings are thought to act like well-oiled machines, with little energy spent on frivolous details
Situation factors: The location of a place relative to other places. Situation factors Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory.
Market area: The area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services.
Urbanized area: In the United States, a central city plus its contiguous built-up suburbs.
Primate city rule: A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.
Squatter settlement: An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.
Exurbanite: Person who has left the inner city and moved to outlying suburbs or rural areas.
Post Fordist production: Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks.
Maquiladoras: Factories built by u.s. companies in Mexico near the U.S. border, to take advantage of much lm,-er labor costs in 1\1exico.
Public housing: Housing owned by the government; in the United States, it is rented to low-income residents, and the rents are set at 30 percent of the families' incomes.
Primate City: The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.
Rush (or peak) hour: The four consecutive IS-minute periods in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic
Concentric zone model: A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.
Multiple nuclei model: Type of urban form wherein cities have numerous centers of business and cultural activity instead of one central place.
Sprawl: Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area.
Gateway city: Cities that, because of their geographic location, act as ports of entry and distribution centers for large geographic areas.
Central business district: The downtown or nucleus of a city where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated; building densities are usually quite high; and transportation systems converge.

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