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Bio 213 Final

Terms

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ethology
-the study of how animals behave in their natural environments
behavior
-what an animal does, and when and how it does it
ethogram
-precise description of particular behaviors
proximate causation
-focus on immediate stimulus and mechanism for the behavior
-"how" a behavior occurs or is modified
Ultimate causation
-How the behavior contributes to survival and reproduction
-"why" a behavior occurs in natural selection
action pattern
-particular sequence of actions
Fixed action pattern (FAP)
-sequence of unlearned behaviors that are unchangeable
-usually carried to completion
sign stimulus
-external sensory stimulus that triggers a FAP
migration
-long distance change in location that occurs periodically
animals that migrate
-birds
-whales
-lady bugs
-fish, etc


information used to guide migration
-sun
-circadian rhythm (daily "clock")
-magnetic fields
-stars


communication
-signal transmitted from one animal and received by another
innate behavior
-present at birth
-performed without learning
mating behavior
-fixed set of behaviors in a fixed order (orienting, tapping, singing)
pheromone
-chemical signal that is used for communication between members of the same species
learning
-modification of behavior due to experience
habituation
-loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no new information
imprinting
-special form of learning
-occurs during a critical period of development
-retained for life

associative learning
-modification of behavior by making associations between experiences
powerful associative learning
-taste of a particular food
-getting sick after eating a particular food
operant conditioning
-trial and error learning: learns behavior with a reward or punishment
cross-fostering
-young of one species placed in care of adults from another species (California mice and white-footed mice)
mating system
-reflects the number of mates that a male has and that a female has
promiscuous mating
-no strong pair bonds or lasting relationships
monogamous relationships
-one male mates with one female
polygyny
-one male mates with many females
polyandrous
-one female mates with many males
inclusive fitness
-the total effect an individual has proliferating its genes by producing its own offspring and by providing aid that enable close relatives to produce offspring
altruism
-selflessness
kin selection
-natural selection that favors behaviors that enhance the reproductive success of close relatives
ecology
-study of interactions between organisms and the environment
biotic
-living organisms
-predation
-parasitism
-competition
-disease



abiotic
-non living components
-wind
-water
-sunshine
-dirt



climate
-prevailing weather conditions in a particular area
macroclimate
-patterns on the global, regional, and local level
microclimate
-under a rock or log
four major abiotic components of climate
-temperature
-water
-sunlight
-wind


mountain effects on climate
-amount of sunlight reaching an area
-local temperature
-rainfall

biomes
-major life zones
-shaped by biotic and abiotic factors
aquatic biomes
-have characteristic physical environments
terrestrial biomes
-controlled primarily by climate and disturbance
tropical rainforest
-equatorial and subequatorial regions
-rainfall: relatively constant (200-400cm annually)
-temp: high year round (25-29 C)
-plants: vertically layered
-animals: millions, diverse (amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals, arthropods)



savanna
-equatorial and subequatorial regions
-rain: dry (30-50cm annually)
-temp: warm year round (24-29 C)
-Plants: scattered trees (thorny and small leaves)
-animals: large plant-eating mammals and predators



population
-group of individuals (1 species) in the same area
population ecology
-study of populations in relation to the environment
populations are described by
-size
-density
-dispersion
-age structure


density
-the number of individuals per area
dispersion
-distribution
uniform dispersion
-evenly spaced
random dispersion
-spaced unpredictably
clumped dispersion
-individuals aggregated
age structure
-relative number of each age in a population
demography
-study of statistics relating to births and deaths in populations
life table
-age specific summary of the survival pattern of a population
-best constructed by following the fate of a cohort
cohort
-group of individuals of the same age
survivorship curve
-graphic representation of a life table
age specific mortality
-number of a cohort still alive at each age
types of survivorship curves
-type 1: high survivorship for many years, then rapid decline (humans)
-type 2: relatively constant rate of survivorship for whole life (ground squirrels)
-type 3: huge drop in survivorship for young (oysters)

reproductive table
-age specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population
semelparity
-"big bang" reproduction
-reproduce a single time then die
iteroparity
-repeated reproduction
-produce offspring repeatedly over time
trade-offs
-between survival and reproduction
exponential model
-describes population growth in an idealized, unlimited environment
-J shaped
-cannot be sustained for long

logistic growth
-realistic
-the per capita rate of increase declines as carrying capacity is reached
-sigmoid curve (s curve)

competition for resources
-in crowded population, increasing population density intensifies intraspecific competition
territoriality
-may limit density
-cheetahs and oceanic birds
Afghanistan age structure
-heavy bottom
-rapid growth
United States age structure
-even at bottom through middle
-slow growth
italy age structure
-little bottom
-decrease growth
community
-an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough for potential interactions
communities interactions include
-competition
-predation
-herbivory
-symbiosis
-disease



interspecific competition
-when different species compete for a limited resource
-can lead to the local elimination of one of the competing species
competitive exclusion
-the local elimination of one of the competing species
competitive exclusion principle
-two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place
niche concept
-two species cannot coexist in a community if their niches are identical
resource partitioning
-differentiation of niches that allows similar species to coexist in a community
cryptic coloration
-camouflage makes prey difficult to spot
aposematic coloration
-colors that warn predators to stay away from prey
Batesian mimicry
-a harmless species mimics a unpalatable or harmful model
Mullerian mimicry
-two or more unpalatable resemble each other
herbivory has led to
-evolution of plant mechanical and chemical defenses
-consequent adaptations by herbivores
parasitism
-parasite derives its nourishment from its host
-huge influence on populations and community structure
disease
-similar to parasitism in its effects
pathogens
-disease causing agents
-bacteria, protists, or viruses
mutualism
-benefits both species
commensalism
-one benefits, one is unaffected
-difficult to document
species diversity
-measure of the variety of different kinds of organisms that make up the community
species richness
-total number of different species in the community
relative abundance
-proportion each species represents of the total individuals in the community
trophic structure
-feeding relationships among organisms within a community
-key factor in community dynamics
food chains
-link trophic levels
-from producers to top carnivores
food web
-branching food chain with complex trophic interactions
-can be simplified by isolating a portion of the community
dominant species
-most abundant or have highest biomass
keystone species
-affect species diversity
foundation species
-physically change environment; facilitate presence of other species
disturbance
-an event that changes a community by removing an organism and/or altering resource availability
human disturbance
-most widespread agent of disturbance
-reduces species diversity
-can prevent naturally occurring disturbances important to community

ecological succession
-sequence of community and ecosystem changes after a disturbance
primary succession
-no soil exist when succession begins
secondary succession
-an area where soil remains after disturbance
species-area curve
-all else being equal, larger areas have more species
ecosystem
-all organisms (one or more communities) plus abiotic factors
-range in size and complexity
energy flow
-second law of thermodynamics
-through an ecosystem
-is transformed

chemical cycles
-first law of thermodynamics
-within an ecosystem
-is processed

detritivores
-recycle essential chemical elements by decomposing organic material
trophic levels
-primary producers
-consumers (primary, secondary, tertiary)
-detritivores

primary production
-amount of light energy converted to chemical energy
gross primary production (GPP)
-total primary production in an ecosystem
net primary production (NPP)
-equal to GPP minus the energy used by the primary producers for respiration
-only available to consumers
actual evapotranspiration
-amount of water annually transpired by plants and evaporated from a landscape
secondary production
-amount of chemical energy in consumers food that is converted to their own new biomass
trophic efficiency
-percent of production transferred from one trophic level to the next (10%)
biogeochemical cycles
-nutrients move between organic and inorganic parts of the ecosystem
aquifer
-a large underground source of water
-largest: Ogallala
genetic diversity
-variety in the genetic makeup among individuals within a species
ecological diversity
-variety of forests, deserts, grasslands, streams, lakes and other biological communities
functional diversity
-biological and chemical processes needed for the survival of species and biological communities

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