5 LOM Urinary Urinalysis
Terms
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- Urinalysis Tests
-
1. Color
2. pH
3. Protein
4. Glucose
5. Specific gravity
6. Ketone bodies
7. Sediment
8. Pus
9. Phenylketonuria (PKU)
10. Bilirubin - Color
-
yellow (Amber), straw.
colorless indicates large amount
of water in urine,
smokey-red or brown means blood - pH
-
Reveals chemical nature of urine
acidic or alkaline
Normal urine is slightly acidic
pH= 6.4
infections, pH more alkaline, due to bacteria which release
ammonia - Protein
-
When test is positive, albumin is usually responsible. Albumin is the major protein in blood plasma. If present, indicates a
leak in the glomerular membrane. - microalbuminuria
- More sensitive testing, when ordinary tests are negative. Microalbuminuria is recognized as the earliest sign of renal involvement in diabetes mellitus.
- Glucose
-
Sugar is not normally found in urine. If present, indicates diabetes mellitus.
In diabetes mellitus, excess of sugar in bloodstream leads to spilling over of sugar into urine.
Renal tubules cannot reabsorb all the sugar that filters out thru glomerular membrane. - Specific gravity
-
Reflects the amounts of wastes, minerals, and solids in urine.
It is a comparison of the density of urine with that of
water. Urine of diabetes mellitus patients has a higher-than-normal specific gravity because of the presence of sugar. - Ketone bodies
- Sometimes referred to as acetones. Are breakdown products resulting from fat catabolism in cells. Ketones accumulate in large quantities in blood and urine when body breaks down fat instead of sugar for fuel.
- Ketonuria occurs in ___
- diabetes mellitus, when cells deprived of sugar must use up their fat for energy.
- ketosis (ketones in the blood) is dangerous because ________
-
Ketones increase the acidity of the blood (acidosis), which can lead to coma (unconsciousness)
and death. - Sediment test
- abnormal particles are present in the urine, sign of pathological condition.
- Abnormal particles in a sediment test
-
cells (epithelial cells, WBCs,
RBCs), bacteria, crystals,
casts ( cylindrical structures of protein often containing cellular elements). - Pus test
-
Pyuria gives a turbid (cloudy) appearance to urine.
Large number of leukocytes are present becuase of infection or inflammation of kidney or bladder. - Phenylketonuria (PKU)
- Done just after birth. Detects phenylalanine in the blood. Infant is fed a low-protein diet that excludes phenylalanine to prevent mental retardation. The child remains on this diet until adulthood.
- Pheynlketones
- substances that accumulate in the urine of infants born lacking the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase.
- Phenylalanine hydroxylase
- Necessary in cells to change one amino acid (phenylalanine) to another amino acid (tyrosine).
- Bilirubin
- Indication of liver or gallbladder disease. Presence of bilirubin, pigment substance resulting from hemoglobin breakdown.
- hyperbilirubinemia
- diseased liver has difficulty removing bilirubin from the blood, causes bilirubinuria (excessive bilirubin in urine)