Blunt Trauma
Terms
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- What is the most common cause of trauma death and disability?
- Blunt trauma
- True or false: Penetrating trauma can be deceptive because the true nature of the injury is often hidden and evidence of the serious injury is very subtle or even absent.
- False. This describes blunt trauma
- Define kinetics
- The branch of physics that deals with motion, taking into consideration mass and force.
- Define inertia
- Tendency of an object to remain at rest or remain in motion unless acted upon by an external force
- Define motion
- The process of changing place; movement
- Define energy
- The capacity to do work in the strict physical sense
- Define kinetic energy
- The energy an object has while it is in motion. It is related to the object's mass and velocity.
- Define mass
- A measure of the matter that an object contains; the property of a physical body that gives the body inertia.
- Define velocity
- The rate of motion in a particular direction in relation to time.
- Define acceleration
- The rate at which speed or velocity increases.
- Define deceleration
- The rate at which speed or velocity decreases.
- What are the two categories of trauma?
- Blunt and penetrating
- Define exsanguination
- The draining of blood to the point at which life cannot be sustained (severe blood loss).
- What are the events of an MVC in order?
-
Vehicle collision
Body collision
Organ collision
Secondary collision
Additional collision - True or false: Secondary collisions may cause a pts injuries or increase their severity.
- True
- _________________ have had a profound effect in reducing crash-related deaths.
- Restraints
- Seat belts use should be mandatory/optional for all EMS personnel.
- mandatory
- True or false: While airbags cause injury, they have, overall, greatly reduced injury and death in MVC's.
- True
- What is the best protection for infants and small children riding in vehicles?
- Properlt used child safety seats
- What are the different types of vehicle impacts?
-
Frontal
Lateral
Rotational
Rear-end
Rollover - What is the most common type of vehicle collision impact?
- Frontal
- What are the injury mechanisms associated with frontal impacts?
-
Down-and-under
Up-and-over
Ejection - What injury pathyway accounts for over half of the deaths in vehicular crashes?
- Up-and-over
- Define axial loading
- Application of the forces of trauma along the axis of the spine; this often results in compression fractures of the spine.
- Define crumple zone
- The region of a vehicle designed to absorb the energy of impact.
- True or false: Occupants of an vehicle with a crumple zone may experience greater forces in a collision even though the vehicle may not appear severly damaged.
- False. Occupants without a crumple zone may experience greater forces in a collision even though damage to the vehicle may not appear as severe as damage to a vehicle with a crumple zone involved in a similar crash.
- What is a cause of "paper bag" syndrome?
- Compression of the chest against the steering column.
- The degree of injury may be greater than the damage alone would suggest in what type of crash?
- Lateral, because of this you should maintain a higher than normal index of suspicion.
- Define oblique
- Having a slanted position or direction
- True or false: A visual examination of the crash scene can tell you a great deal about what happened to the pt(s) and what injuries should be suspected.
- True
- Figures from states requiring mandatory ETOH level testing after fatal MVC's reveal that more than what percent of drivers were legally intoxicated?
- 50%
- Head and body cavity trauma account for what percent of deaths in vehicular crashes?
- 85%
- Why is serious trauma likely even in low-speed motorcycle crashes?
- Because of the lack of protective vehicle structure.
- True or false: Helmets reduce the incidence and severity of head injuries in motorcycle crashes, but they have no effect on the incidence of spinal trauma.
- True. Helmets can reduce the incidence and severity of head trauma by 50 to 66%.
- In auto vs. pedestrian crashes, children are likely to turn in which direction?
- Toward the vehicle
- In auto vs. pedestrian crashes, adults are likely to turn in which direction?
- Away from the vehicle
- Define oxidizer
- An agent that enhances combustion of a fuel.
- Define pressure wave
- Area of over-pressure that radiates outward from an explosion
- What are the injury mechanisms associated with blasts?
-
Pressure wave
Blast wind
Projectiles
Personnel displacement
Confined spaces and structural collapse
Burns - Define overpressure
- A rapid increase then decrease in atmospheric pressure created by an explosion.
- Underwater detonation increases the lethal range of an explosion by what percent?
- 300
- Define blast wind
- The air movement caused as the heated and presurized products of an explosion moves outward
- Define ordinance
- Military weapons and munitions
- Define flechettes
- Arrow-shaped projectiles found in some military ordinance
- The most lethal explosions are those causing _________________ ________________ followed by those in confined spaces.
- structural collapse
- Define incendiary
- An agent that combusts easily or creates combustion.
- What are the 3 blast injury phases?
-
Primary - caused by heat of an explosion and overpressure wave
Secondary - caused by blast projectiles
Tertiary - caused by personnel displacement and structural collapse - True or false: Secondary injuries may be as or more severe than the promary blast injuries.
- True
- What is the most common and severe injury associated with explosions?
- Pulmonary trauma
- Define emboli
- Undissolved solid, liquid, or gaseous matter in a bloodstream that may cause blockage of blood vessels.
- Define dyspnea
- Labored or difficulty breathing
- Define hemoptysis
- Expectoration of blood from the respiratory tract
- Define pneumothorax
- Collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity between the chest wall and lung
- _______________ _______________ _______________ should be provided to any blast injury pt with serious dyspnea.
- Careful positive pressure
- The potential for injury from a fall depends on what factors?
-
Height of fall
Stopping distance