psych 13, 15, 16
Terms
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- Synchronicity
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Meaningful coincidences. Thinking about someone and they appear, etc.
- Carl Jung
- Close friend of Freud. Said all human beings share a vast collective unconscious, containing universal memories, symbols, and images.
- Disassociative Identity Disorder
- Characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personalities.
- Temperaments
- Physiological dispositions to respond to the environment in certain ways; they are present in infancy and are assumed to be innate.
- Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
- A person feels trapped in repetitive and persistant thoughts.
- Shadow Archetype
- A reflection of the prehistoric fear of wild animals and represents the bestial, evil side of human nature.
- Social Phobia
- Fear of meeting new people, being observed by others, speaking in front of a crowd.
- Nonshared environment
- Unique aspects of a person's environment and experience that are not shared with family members.
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual fo Mental Disorders (DSM)
- Book that provides clear diagnostic categories, so that clinicians can agree on which disorders they are talking about and then treat them.
- Psychoanalysis
- A theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy developed by Sigmund Freud; it emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts.
- Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Anxiety that occurs after on experiences a traumatic event - outside the range of human experience.
- Insanity
- A legal term. Whether or not a person is aware of the consequences of his or her actions and can control his or her behavior.
- Heritability
- A statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences amoung individuals within a group.
- Persona
- Mask or social personality
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HPA Axis
(hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex) - A system activated to energize the body to respond to stressors. The hypothalamus sends chemical messengers to the pituitary, which in turn prompts the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol and other hormones.
- Synchrony
- The adjustment of one person's nonverbal behavior to coordinate with another's.
- Trait
- A characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling.
- Agoraphobia
- The basic fear of being away from a safe place or person.
- Defense Mechanisms
- Methods used by the ego to prevent unconscious anxiety or threatening thoughts from entering consciousness.
- Major Depression
- Disturbances in emotion, loss of interest in things including sex, thoughts of hopelessness.
- Factor Analysis
- A statistical method for analyzing the intercorrelations among various measures or test scores; clusters of measures or scores that are highly correlated are assumed to measure the same underlying trait or ability (factor).
- Bipolar Disorder
- Consists of mania - extreme high, elevated mood, great ideas, etc. and depression - extreme low, thoughts of hopelessness.
- Humanist Psychology
- A psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth, resilience, and the achievement of human potential.
- Personality
- a distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behavior, mannerisms, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterize an individual over time.
- Defense Mechanisms (examples)
-
Repression
Projection
Displacement
Reaction formation
Regression
Denial - Objective Tests (inventories)
- Standardized questionnaires requiring written responses; they typically include scales on which people are asked to rate themselves.
- Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
- The study of the relationships among psychology, the nervous and endocrine systems, and the immune system.
- 5 Personality Traits
-
Extroversion/introversion
Neuroticism/emot. stability
Agreeableness/antagonism
Conscientiousness/impulsiveness
Openness to new experience/resistance to new experience. - Albert Ellis
- Founder of the Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
- 3 facts about raising children
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1.Environment has little to do w/ personality.
2.Parents are not consistent over time or w/every child.
3.Even when parents try to be consistent, there is little relation to how the children turn out. - 4 Stressors
-
Noise
Bereavement and Loss
Work-related Problems
Poverty and Powerlessness - Reciprocal Determinism
- In social-cognitive theories, the two-way interaction between aspects of the environment and aspects of the individual in the shaping of personality traits.
- Projective Tests
- Psychological tests used to infer a person's motives, conflicts, and unconscious dynamics on the basis of the person's interpretations of ambiguous stimuli.
- Culture
- A program of shared rules that govern the behavior of members of a community or society, and a set of values, beliefs, and attitudes hsared by most members of that community.
- Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
- A form of cognitive therapy devised by Albert Ellis, designed to challenge the client's unrealistic or irrational thoughts.
- Collectivist Cultures
- Cultures in which the self is regarded as embedded in relationships, and harmony with one's group is prized above individual goals and wishes.
- 5 Psychosexual Stages of Development
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Oral age 1
Anal 2-3 years
Phallic 3-6 years
Latency 6-puberty
Genital puberty-adult - Individualist Cultures
- Cultures in which the self is regarded as autonomous, and individual goals and wishes are prized above duty and relations with others.
- Borderline Personality Disorder
- People who have a pervasive history of intense but unstable relationships in which they alternate between idealizing the partner then devaluing the partner.
- Mood Disorders
- Disorders that include major depression, bipolar disorder, (manic depression), and dysthymia (chronic depressed mood)
- Ego
- The part of personality that represents reason, good sense, and rational self-control.
- Emotion Focused Coping
- To cope, a person concentrates on the emotions the problem has caused.
- Archetypes
- Universal, symbolic images that appear in myths, art, stories, and dreams; to Jungians, they reflect the collective unconscious.
- Panic Disorder
- A disorder that includes frequent panic attacks and feelings of impending doom or death.
- Object-Relations School
- A psychodynamic approach that emphasizes the importance of the infant's first two years of life and the baby's formative relationships, especially with the mother.
- Problem Focused Coping
- To cope, a person identifies the problem, concentrates on solutions, and learns as much as possible about the problem.
- Intrapsychic
- Within the mind (psyche) or self.
- Psychodynamic Theories
- Theories that explain behavior and personality in terms of unconscious energy dynamics within the individual.
- Locus of Control
- A general expectation about whether the results of your actions are under your own control (internal) or beyond your control (external).
- Secondary Control
- An effort to accept reality by changing your own attitudes, goals, or emotions; a "learn to live with it" philosophy.
- Id
- The part of personality containing inherited psychic energy, particularly sexual and aggressive instincts.
- Sigmund Freud
- Founder of Psychoanalysis
- Hans Selye
- Founder of the General Adaptaion Syndrom (GAS)
- Polychronic Cultures
- Cultures in which time is organized horizontally; people tend to do several things at once and value relationships over schedules.
- Libido
- The psychic energy that fuels the life or sexual instincts of the id.
- Personality Disorders
- Rigid, maladaptive personality patterns that cuase personal distress or an inability to get along with others.
- Collective Unconscious
- The universal memories and experiences of humankind, represented in the symbols, stories, and images (archtypes) that occur across all cultures.
- Primary Control
- An effort to modify reality by changing other people, the situation, or events; a "fighting back" philosophy.
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder
- Involves an exaggerated sense of self-importance and self-absorption.
- Mental Disorder
- Any behavior or emotional state that casuses an individual great suffering or worry, is self-defeating or self-destructive, or is maladaptive and disrupts the person's relationships or the larger community.
- Type A personality
- Person who is determined to achieve, have a sense of time urgency, are irritable, respond physiologically to threat and challenge very quickly and are impatient.
- Anima
- The feminine archetype in men.
- Oedipus complex
- A conflict occurring in the phallic (Oedipal) stage, in which a child desires the parent of the other sex and views the same-sex parent as a rival.
- Type B Person
- People who are calmer and less intense.
- Unconditional Positive Regard
- To Carl Rogers, love or support given to another person with no conditions attached.
- Monochronic Cultures
- Cultures in which time is organized eequentially; schedules and deadlines are valued over people.
- General Adaptation Syndrome
- According to Hans Selye, a series of physiological responses to stressors that occur in three phases; alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
- Anxiety Disorders
- Disorders that include generalized anxiety disorder, phobias, panic attacks, PTSD, and obsissive thoughts or compulsive rituals.
- Antisocial Personality Disorder
- A disorder characterized by antisocial behavior such as lying, stealing, manipulating others, and sometimes violence; and a lack of guilt, shame, and empathy.
- Animus
- The masculine archetype in women.
- Superego
- The part of personality that represents conscience, morality, and social standards.