chem midterm
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- alkali metals
- group 1A
- alkaline earth metals
- group 2a
- chalcogens
- group 6a
- halogens
- group 7a
- mendelev
-
-first to organize periodic table
-listed elements in increasing atomic mass
-elements that react similarly are in vertical columns - distillation
- based on boiling point differences, mainly to separate homogeneous mixes.
- top 5 elements in human body
-
oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
calcium - naming covalent compounds (P2O5)
- phosphorous pentoxide
- covalent compounds properties
-
lower melting point and boiling point.
must be gas, solid, or liquid. - ionic compounds
-
-most are solids
-high melting and boiling points
-highly soluble in water
-metal + nonmetal. - naming ionic compounds (K2S)
- potassium sulfide
- aristotle
- earth, fire, water, air
- democritus
- much smaller things
- lavoisier
-
-discovered law of conservation of mass
-developed quantization of experiments
-head lopped off - boyle
- elements contain only one compounds
- preistly
-
-isolated oxygen
-studied carbonation and photosynthesis - proust
-
-discovered law of definite proportions
-"elements combine in definite mass ratios to fowm compounds" - cavendish
-
-isolated hydrogen
-proved water is a compound - avogadro
- found that several elements are diatomic
- dalton's atomic theory
- -made 5 postulates explaning past observations using the concept of atom.
- jj thompson- cathode ray tube
- discovered electron by putting magnet above cathode ray tube.
- robert millikan
- found exact mass and charge of electron. placed oil in special chamber and used charges to alter heights and therefore measure mass.
- plum pudding model
- all subatomic particles are spaced about like plum pudding.
- ernest rutherford.
- discovered nucleus by firing radiation through gold foil and seeing refraction
- electron
-
-(-)
-outside nucleus
-relative mass- 1 - proton
-
-(+)
-1836
-inside nucleus - neutron
-
-no charge
-inside nucleus
-1841RM - james chadwick
-
discovered neutron
- - A-Z=
- nuetrons
- Z
-
-(p)
-atomic # - A
-
-mass number
-(p+n) - bequerel
-
-studying uranium crystals
-first to recognize radiation - curies
-
-coined term radioactivity
-she won 2 nobel prizes
-discovered polonium and radium
-she died from radiation
-he died from getting run down by horse - rutherford
-
-discovered alpha and beta particles
-connected radiation to nuclear instability - alpha particles
-
-a helium nucleus
-2 protons and nuetrons
-lowest penetrationability - beta particles
-
-very high energy electron
-negatively charged - gamma ray
-
pure energy
not charged - positrons
- positively charged elecron
- radon gas
- uranium decay in soil
- radioisotopes in medicine
-
diagnostic- detect tumors...
theraputic- use for curing and destroying cancerous cells - strong nuclear force
-
-attractive force
-weaker than electrostatic forces
-short range
-"nuclear cement" - electrostatic repulsion
-
makes nucleus unstable
long range force across nucleus.
involved with protons only - conceptual model of atom
- all atom models are conceptual, we cannot see inside atoms
- wavelength
- distance between two peaks on wave
- frequency
- number of peaks that pass a point in space per second.
- velocity of light wave
- c= wavelength x frequency
- y rays
-
low wavelength
high energy
high velocity - x rays
- just below y rays in energy
- visible light
-
white= all colors
black= absense of color - infared light
-
"heat waves"
cause vibrational excitation in molecules - microwaves
- cause rotational excitement in molecules
- radiowaves
- lowest energy
- atomic line spectra
- colors of electromagnetic radiation emitted by excited electrons in atoms when they relax
- excitation of energy by electrons in atoms
- absorbtion of radiation by electrons
- relaxation
- emission of energy by electrons as they drop back into their ground state.
- max plank
- light quanta- thought of light having discrete particles of energy called quanta
- einstein and photons of light
- photon= light particle w/ specific energy.
- classical mechanics
- macroscopic- applies to everyday nonsense.
- quantum mechanics
-
-subatomic (used to explain electron motion)
-only certain values are allowed
-answers are in terms of probability - neils bohr
-
planetary model of atom
wrong, but recieved nobel prize
helped make quantum theory popular - heisenberg uncertainty principle
- cannot know the exact position or momentum of electron at same time.
- orbital
- three dimensional region of space about a nucleus that contains 90% of electron probability.
- quantum mechanical model of atom
- erwin shroedenger- pure mathematics that treats electrons as wave-like as well as particles.
- elecron shells
-
-7 shells of electrons
-outermost shell has valence electrons
-innermost shell contains core electrons
-number of valence electrons determines overal chem of atom. - atomic size
- increases from top to bottom, decreases from left to right.
- ionization energy
-
top to bottom- IE decreases
left to right- IE increases - ionic compounds bonding
- metal cation bonds with a nonmetal anion
- covalent compound bonding
- covalent compounds have all nonmetal atoms become isoelectronic with the nearest noble gas by sharing electrons.
- strong electrolytes
- forms many ions in h2o
- weak electrolytes
- only forms a few ions in solution
- non electrolytes
- do not form ions in solution
- ion
- charged ion
- cation
- positively charged ion
- anion
- negatively chaged ion
- free radical
- odd # of total valence electrons, therefore unstable and highly reactive
- antioxidant
- species that help reduce free radical oxidation damage.
- oxidation
- when an electron is removed from a species or by gaining an O atom or losing an H atom.
- organic compounds
- based on carbon chemistry: also, H, O,S,N, halogens.
- hydrocarbons
- organic compounds consisting of C + H atoms only (fossil fuels)
- alkanes
- single bond (c-c)
- alkenes
- double bond between carbons
- alkynes
- one triple bond between carbons
- aromatic compounds
- all have benzyne rings
- molecular formula
- does not show atom connectivity or bonds (i.e. C2H6O)
- saturated compound
- all c atoms are bonded by single bonds
- unsaturated compound
- at least one double of triple bond between C atoms.
- meth
- 1 c atom
- prop
- 3 c atoms
- eth
- 2 c atoms
- but
- 4 c atoms
- calcium
-
- number one by mass in body
- strong bones and teeth
- nerve impulse transmission
- regulation of heartbeat
- mustcle contraction
- heartbeat - iodide
-
-proper function of thyroid
-deficiency= goiter - iron
-
oxygen transport in hemoglobin
- in myoglobin for 02 storage in muscles
- deficiency= anemia - potassium
-
concentrated inside cells
- critical to maintain heartbeat - sodium
-
outside cells
- excess can lead to edema and hypertension
- maintains body fluid regulation - zinc
-
for functioning of immune system
- growth and development of fetus and children - enzymes
- chemicals that increase reaction speeds
- phosphorous
-
-2nd most abundant mineral in body
-found in hydroxyapatite in bones and teeth
-found in ATP
-part of genetic material
-found in phospholipids - chlorine
-
- provides electrical balance
-part of stomach acid - sulfur
- - found in many proteins for stabilizing structure
- flourine
-
reacts with hydroxyapatite to form flourapatite
- too much flouride can cause flourosis (discoloration of teeth) - stomach acid as HCl and its main uses
-
-destroys bacteria you dont want in body
- activates certain protein digesting enzymes
- cause proteins to denature or unfold. - phospholipids
- main component of cell membranes
- metastasize
- cancer spreads to other parts of body
- main causes of cancer
-
radiation
virus
carcinogens
genetics - chemotherapy
- kill cancer with chemicals by binding to DNA to prevent midotsis
- top ten causes of death
-
1. heart disease
2. cancer
3. stroke
4. lung disease
5. accident
6. pnemonia
7. diabetes
8. suicide
9. hiv infection
10. homicide - sweat
- 99% water adn many electrolytes.
- caffiene
- impacts kidnes directly to increase urination
- alcohol
- blocks the action fo ADH
- oncogene
- regulate cell growth
- suppressor gene
- limiting cell growth and division