Chemistry Accelerated Semester One
Book: Fundametals of Chemistry
Publisher: Prentice hall
Fourth Edition
If you go to Adlai E. Stevenson High school in Linconshire Il, then this is a series of review terms for the first semester final in Chemistry Accelerated. Good Luck! :)
Publisher: Prentice hall
Fourth Edition
If you go to Adlai E. Stevenson High school in Linconshire Il, then this is a series of review terms for the first semester final in Chemistry Accelerated. Good Luck! :)
Terms
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- Ideal Gas Law
- The equation, PV = nRT, used to determine any one of the variables, P, V, and T for a given sample of gas; R is the universal gas constant.
- solubility
- A measure of how much solute will dissolve in a given quantity of solvent
- percent yield
- The mass of the actual yield divided by the mass of the theoretical yield multiplied by 100%.
- factor lavel method (dimensional analysis)
- an approach to problem solving where the given quantity and units are multiplied by one or more conversion factors to obtain an answer with the desired units
- Law of conservation of energy
- Energy is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction
- Atom
- the basic building block of matter
- balance
- instrument used to measure mass (an analytical balance is a special type of balance used to measure to the 0.0001 of a gram)
- Cation
- a positive ion. Formed from elements that lose electrons. Generally formed from metals.
- Covalent Compund
- a combination of one non-metal with another non-metal
- atmospheric pressure
- The force per unit area exerted on objects on the Earth as a result of the attraction of the Earth for the blanket of air that surrounds our planet
- joule
- The SI base unit of heat energy
- Emulsion
- a type of colloid that has a liquid dispersed (not dissolved) in a liquid or solid. These substances will settle out upon standing.
- Organic
- relating or belonging to the class of chemical compounds having a carbon basis
- absolute zero
- the lowest temperature possible - 0 K (-273.15 C)
- percentage composition
- the percent of a certain type of element found within a molecule or compound
- Double Replacemet Reaction (A.K.A. Double Deplacemet Reaction or metathesis reaction)
- A chemical reaction between two salts, symbolized by AB and CD, that switch cation partners to form to different compunds, symbolized as AD and CB.
- The conversion between calories and joules
- 1 calorie = 4.184 joules
- Diatomic
- elements that always exist in pairs in nature
- Single Replacemet Reaction (A.K.A. Single Deplacemet Reaction)
- An oxidation-reduction reaction in which one metal (or nonmetal) replaces the ion of another metal (or nonmetal).
- Polyatomic
- consisting of two or more atoms
- Gay-Lussac's law
- for a sample of gas with a constant volume, its pressure, P, is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature, T. P1/T1 = P2/T2
- precipitate
- A solid that forms and seperates out of a solution as a result of a chemical reaction
- Avogadro's law
- The mathematical relationship that states that the volume of gas at constant temperature and pressure is proportional to the number of moles (N) of the gas, that is, V = kn.
- molecular weight
- the sum of the atomic weights of all elements in a molecule (covalent)
- boiling point
- The temperature at which vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the total pressure exerted on the liquid.
- matter
- anything that has mass and takes up space
- Metals
- malleable, good conductors of heat/electricity, ductile, and can be polished into a shiny luster
- exact numbers
- a number with no uncertain digits as there is no approximation involved
- isotopes
- Atoms of a particular kind of element that have different numbers of neutrons, and, therefore, different atomic masses.
- Metalloids
- have some characteristics of metals, and some of nonmetals. semi-conductors of heat/electricity.
- actual yield
- the quantity of product (usually in grams) that is actually obtained in an experiment from a particular reaction
- Physical Change
- a change in matter in which no new substances are formed; usually just changes in state, shape, size or color
- Pure Substance
- a single chemical composed of the same kind of matter, with the same kind of particles throughout
- Addition & Subtraction
- The number of sig figs in the result is the same as that in the measurement with the smallest number of decimal places.
- The volume of one mole of any substance at STP
- 22.4 L
- solute
- The substance being dissolved (the substance present in a solution in the smaller amount)
- uncertainty
- the term used to describe the fact that no measurement is 100% exact
- Subscript
- a character or symbol set or printed or written beneath or slightly below and to the side of another character
- Decomposition Reaction
- A chemical reaction in which a compund is broken down into two or more simpler substances.
- weight
- the force of gravity acting upon a mass
- Ion
- an atom or group of atoms that has a net positive or negative charge
- Conversion from Celsius to Kelvin
- K = C + 273
- Monatomic
- consisting of one atom
- Superscript
- a character or symbol set or printed or written above and immediately to one side of another character
- Binary Compund
- a compund consisting of two atoms
- endothermic reaction
- a chemical reaction that proceeds only when it takes up or absorbs heat energy
- combined gas law
- the mathematical relationship involving pressures, volumes, and Kelvin temperatures for gases at two different set of conditions. P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
- catalyst
- a substance that sppeds up a chemical reaction without itself undergoing a chemical change.
- scale
- an instrument used to measure weight
- Element
- the most fundamental substance from which all material things are constructed
- Boyle's law
- The Volume, V, occupied by a sample of gas is inversely proportional to Pressure, P, at a constant temperature. P1V1 = P2V2
- density
- the ratio obtained by dividing an object's mass by its volume
- chemistry
- the study of matter and the changes it undergoes
- captive zeros
- always count in sig figs
- atomic weight
- the average mass of an atom of an element
- 760 mmHg, 760 torr, 14.7 psi, 101.325 kPa
- 1 atm
- Heterogenous Mixture
- a mixture that doesn't have uniform properties throughout. A mixture that has two different phases present. Examples: italian salad dressing, orange juice, soda.
- Homogenous Mixture
- a mixture that is the same throughout or has a uniform composition and appearance throughout. (A.K.A a solution) Examples: salt water, mouthwash, Kool-Aid.
- trailing zeros
- count in sig figs only if the number contains a decimal point
- atomic mass
- the mass of one atom that is expressed in atomic mass units (amu)
- exothermic reaction
- a chemical reaction that releases heat energy
- formula unit
- the atoms that are found in an ionic compound
- Ionic Compound
- a combination of more than one atom created by the attraction of opposite charges of a metal and a non-metal
- Combustion Reaction
- The vigorous chemical reaction of oxygen with a ful that usually contains carbon and hydrgoen. This is exothermic, it is accompanied by the liberation of heat and/or light.
- Celsius scale
- temperature scale based upon the boiling point (100 C) and freezing point (0 C) of water
- precision
- the degree to which the repeated measurements of a quantity are in agreement; getting the same measurement of an object every time implies that you have good (the answer)
- Chemical Property
- the ability of a substance to undergo chemical reactions and to form new substances
- Compund
- a combination of two or more elements
- mass
- the measure of the quantity of matter
- Fahrenheit scale
- a temperature scale that defines the freezing point of water as 32 degrees F and the boiling point of water a 212 degrees F
- calorie
- a metric unit of heat energy. One calorie will raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 C.
- Colloid
- mixtures that contain large particles that are dispersed together. These particles do NOT settle out upon standing
- Extensive property
- a property of matter that depends upon the amount of matter present
- Universal Gas Constant (R)
- .0821 L atm/ Mol K
- concentrated solution
- a solution containing a relatively large quantity of the solute
- supersaturated solution
- A solution that contains more disolved solution at a given temperature than could be present in a saturated solution in equilibrium with excess solute.
- The order of particle size from smallest to largest in colloids
- suspension, emulsion, colloid
- saturated solution
- A solution that contains as much dissolved solute as it can hold at a given temperature while in equilibrium
- unsaturated solution
- A solution that contains a smaller amount of solute than it can hold at a given temperature
- Law of conservation of mass
- Matter is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction
- Oxidation number
- the charge associated with an ion
- leading zeros
- never count in sig figs
- Multiplication & Division
- The number of sig figs in the result is the same as that in the measurement with the smallest number of sig figs
- formula weight
- the sum of the atomic weights of a formula unit (ionic)
- molecular formula
- the actual formula for a compund or molecule
- empirical formula
- a simple expression of the relative number of each type of atom in a molecule
- Standard Temperature and Pressure
- STP, 1 atm & 0 C = 273 K. The standard condition for any scientific experiment.
- mole
- a unit of measurement that is equal to 6.02 x 10^23
- Chemical Change
- a change in which a new substance is formed
- significant figure (significant digit)
- all certain digits in a measurement plus the last, or estimated digit
- aqueous solution
- a solution obtained by dissolving a solute in water, the solvent
- Physical Property
- a quality of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's chemical composition
- Synthesis Reaction (A.K.A Combination Reaction)
- The reaction of elements to produce a compund, symbolized A + B -> AB, or the planned preparation of a specific compund.
- Formula for determining Density
- D = M/V
- Anion
- a negative ion. Formed from elements that gain electrons. Generally formed from nonmetals.
- theoretical yield
- The maximum quantity of a substance that can be produced by the complete reaction of all the limiting reagent in accordance with the chemical equation
- The Formula for Specific Heat
- q=mcdt
- Brownian Motion
- the random motion of small particles suspended in a gas or liquid
- Nonmetals
- not malleable, bad conductors of heat/electricity, not ductile, dull surface, and cannot be polished into a shiny luster
- Suspension
- a mixture with two of more substances that have different properties and are temporarily dispersed together. With time the substances will separate. Example: dirt in water
- meniscus
- the crescent shaped liquid surface of a liquid caused by the attraction of the liquid for its container. The bottom of this is used to measure the amount of water.
- dilute solution
- a solution containing a relatively small quantity of the solution
- percent error
- The absolute value of the percent yield subtracted from 100%.
- International System (SI)
- another name for the metric system
- Tyndall Effect
- the phenomenon in which light is scattered by very small particles in its path
- Avogadro's Number
- the number of particles that are in a mole
- limiting reactant (A.K.A. limiting reagent)
- the reactant on a chemical equation that is used up first
- Kelvin scale
- a temperature scale that defines absolute zero as 0 degrees
- Avogadro's hypothesis
- Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules; gas volume is proportional to the number of moles of gas at a constant pressure and temperature
- solvent
- The component of a solution whose physical state is retained (also the substance present in the greater amount)
- Charles's law
- for a sample of gas with a constant pressure, its Volume, V, is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature, T. V1/T1 = V2/T2
- temperature
- the measure of the hotness or coldness of matter
- metric system
- a decimal system of weights and measures based on the liter, meter, and the kilogram
- Solution
- another name for a homogenous mixture
- Intensive Property
- property of matter that doesnt depend on the amount of matter present
- molar mass
- the sum of the atomic weights of a mole of all elements in a molecule or compound
- volume
- the amount of space in a specific amount of matter
- accuracy
- how close a measurement is to its true, or actual value
- Dalton's law of Partial Pressures
- The total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures exerted by the seperate gases
- Inorganic
- relating or belonging to the class of compounds not having a carbon basis