afp final
waltz
Terms
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- treaty power
- ability of president to negotiate treaty, with advice and consent of senate
- good neighbor policy
- fdr give $ to latin america instead of guns
- world trade organization
- evolution of the gatt, in charge of international trade
- mayaguez
- us ship captured in cambodia, ford sent war powers note but didn't consult congress before the operation
- International monetary fund
- created after wwii to deal with disequilibrium, deals with exchange rates, used to credit debtor states
- operational dimension
- skill displayed by battlefield commanders
- powell doctrine
- us forces used if national security threatened, clear objective, risks analyzed, non violent means exhausted, exit strategy, consequences considered, supported by america, supported by intl
- political covert action
- sponsor pro-western parties and associations
- american exceptionalism
- US views self as last hope of mankind since jefferson
- preemptive defense
- attacking an enemy before they can attack you
- economic covert action
- provide money to pro-western groups, interdict trade
- rally around the flag
- perceived threat or attack will lead to more support for president
- bosnia
- nato forces intervene to stop genocide in balkans (early 90s)
- executive agreement
- prez bypass congress to enter diplomatic standing with another nation
- National Security Council (NSC)
- consists of president, VP, SecState, Secdef, CIA director, chairman of joint chiefs, and national security adviser
- atlantic charter
- fdr, churchill support for self determination, security, etc.
- conventional weapons
- all non nuclear technology (guns, bombs, tanks etc.)
- basic human needs
- views that human rights include food, health, etc.
- Director of central intelligence
- heads the CIA and supervises other intelligence organs
- analysis
- study and interpretation of processed data
- soft power
- notion that a nation's cultural appeal can attract support of other nations
- penetration
- the mole that recruits within an organization
- war in afghanistan
- US rock taliban, AQ, but not good at rebuilding
- previous commitments
- what prior presidents have gotten into
- department of defense
- responsible for military, in pentagon, very large bureaucracy
- information warfare
- new threat might be over the internet
- national intelligence estimate
- country-specific assesment of capabilities
- international criminal court
- has jurisdiction over war crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity,
- american entry into wwI
- unrestricted submarine warfare, zimmerman telegram went to war for human rights
- dissemination
- get policymakers to pay attention to intelligence
- statutory authority
- congress authorize president with majority vote in both houses
- defector
- one who leaves one country for another, usually with valuable secrets
- president's daily brief
- summary of intelligence for president
- bureaucratic limits
- bureaucracy is too big and inefficent to allow for swift decisionmaking
- geographical isolation
- contributed to american security because of weak neighbors, 2 oceans
- legislative veto
- where congress can veto actions
- most favored nation rights
- best trading relationship with a country, low tariffs etc.
- free trade areas
- remove trade barriers between countries
- deterrence
- convince an enemy not to attack because of a devastating retaliation
- covert action
- secret action to influence international events
- barbary war
- US goes to war with tripoli, north african states bc of trade
- gulf of tonkin resolution
- allowed johnson to pursue war in vietnam as he saw fit, congress relinquished any oversight
- US immigration and naturalization service v. chadha
- SCOTUS found the legislative veto unconstitutional (1983)
- haiti
- US intervened to support president, 90s, caribbean
- ballistic missile defense
- preventing attack from icbms
- war power
- actual or threatened use of military force
- free trade
- removal of tariffs or other restrictions
- ICTY/ICTR
- criminal trials for rwanda and yugoslavia massacres
- rwanda
- US did not do anything in civil war, criticized
- limits on presidential power
- international setting, information problems, time constraints, issues of permissibility, the availability of resources, and bureaucratic barriers
- national commitments resolution
- 1969, called for greater consultatio between executive and legislative branches
- permissibility
- if various sources of law allow president to act
- G-8 summit
- 8 most powerful countries, canada france germany italy US UK Japan Russia
- social dimension
- political will of populace
- intervention in russia
- US troops in siberia to help monarchy, blunt japan
- byrd-nunn reforms
- advocated creation of legislative panel for consultation with executive branch prior to use of force, fallen into abeyance
- legislative model
- AFP decisions are left primarily to congress
- nuclear winter
- soot from war would block sun, causing extinction
- moral suasion
- high ideals such as democracy and human rights
- international setting
- events and conditions of the world are the largest limit, ie hostages in iran
- counterforce
- attacking military weapons and facilities
- democratic peace theory
- democracies dont go to war with each other
- dole amendment
- required congressional approval prior to sending of troops proposed in 1990s, ignored
- osama bin laden
- leader of al qaeda, saudi businessman
- bretton woods system
- IMF, world bank, GATT, post wwii
- Nongovernmental organizations
- intl organizations without ties to governments (olympics, catholic church)
- available resources
- amount of $ needed vs. allowed by taxpayers
- mutually assured destruction
- an aggressor state would not strike first if it could be destroyed in a retaliatory response
- free trade areas
- areas with no internal tariffs
- constitutional balance model
- cooperation between coequal branches in AFP
- department of homeland security
- new department created after 9/11, very large, unwieldy, supposed to streamline national security
- asymmetric strategies
- used by guerrilas, not direct engagement,
- iraq
- US continue to bomb throughout 90s
- indian and pakistani nuclear tests
- new countries with nuclear weapons, haven't signed NPT, tested in 90s
- CNN effect
- bloodiness of war comes to peoples livign rooms, turns opinion against the war
- sovereignty and human rights
- what can intl body do about human rights if doesnt want sovereingty to be violated
- Asia pacific economic cooperation agreement
- APEC, FTA with most of asia, us probably won't ratify
- processing
- NSA and other agencies translate the raw data into an explanation
- concurrent resolution
- simple majority vote in both chambers without presidential veto
- legislative oversight
- review of executive branch programs by lawmakers
- boycotts
- prohibitions on imports from a country
- techint
- intelligence gathered by technology
- opinion leadership
- public will rally when citizens have incomplete information that supports the president (mayaguez)
- electromagnetic pulses
- causes electronics to stop functioning
- nafta
- north american free trade area
- reasons to use military force
- national security, protecting $, acquiring territory, defending international law/human rights, peacekeeping missions
- roles of national security adviser
- administrator is mostly a caretaker, does not do too much, insurgents take lots of power and operate even without the president sometime, and counselor role is the middle
- us intervention in somalia
- originally humanitarian then to get rid of aideed
- international anti-terror coalition
- supported war on terror, pakistan, uzbekistan, allow for flights and bases
- cointelpro
- program by fbi to spy on civil rights leaders, protestors
- nuclear triad
- ICBMs, SLBMs, and bombers
- multinational corporations
- firms with presence in many countries
- planning
- what groups/nations to surveil
- intelligence
- knowledge of the world around us
- radical religions
- islam a growing threat to US
- roosevelt corollary
- US will intervene in latin america to civilze caribbean
- balkanization
- various groups within the foreign policy establishment plot against each other to keep their jobs even more than dealing with soviet union
- strategic nuclear weapons
- able to attack enemy from afar with nuclear weapons (ICBM, SLBM, bomber)
- lend-lease agreement
- fdr lend british destroyers in exchange for leasing naval bases, did not consent congress
- biological weapons
- use of living toxins to kill large amouts of people (anthrax, smallpox, plague)
- foreign aid
- economic assistance to other states
- fast-track legislation
- approval by congress of treaties without amendments
- pearl harbor
- japan attack US territory
- rogue states
- iran, north korea, outside the norm for the world, threat to US
- world bank
- provide long term loans to rebuild europe, later shifted to develop impoverished nations
- logistical dimension
- military capacity (rifles, trucks, etc.)
- assassination option
- termination of a leader with various aspects
- narrow definition of human rights
- US restricts concept to politilca and legal rights
- protectionism
- tariffs and barriers to protect US industry
- foreign aid
- money to other governments (carrot)
- cultural exceptionalism
- view that human rights are culturally determined
- helsinki accords
- declaration of principles for sovereignty, rights, more cooperation between east and west (ford, 1975)
- judiciary in AFP
- has usually upheld executive over legislative, against executive in pentagon papers
- zone of hostilities
- text in war powers resolution, no real definition of hostilities
- information problems
- presidents don't have full knowledge of what is occuring in the time
- reagan doctrine
- covert assistance for anticommunist forces around the world
- counterintelligence
- fighting espionage from other countries
- currency intervention
- countries can affect currency via imf, devaluing it as necessary
- covert propaganda
- cia infiltrate media, drop leaflets, etc.
- free trade area of the americas
- all of western hemisphere free trade area
- anti-imperialist league
- group against empire
- department of state
- responsible for diplomacy, ambassadors, in foggy bottom
- cooper-church amendment
- force withdrawal of US forces from incursion in cambodia
- nuremburg and tokyo tribunals
- germ, japs tried with war crimes, following orders is not a defense and individuals can be held responsible for war crimes
- joint chiefs of staff
- principal military advisers to the president, one from each service branch
- military strategy
- over use to achieve foreign policy goals (multiple dimensions)
- nuclear threat
- many countries have large stockpiles of nuclear weapons
- rad
- how much gamma radiation energy is absorbed by a person
- tactical nuclear weapons
- theater based weapons, smaller yield than strategic weapons
- chemical weapons
- use of nonliving toxins to kill large amounts of people (sarin, ricin, mustard)
- state sponsored terrorism
- terrorism funded and trained by states
- time constraints
- time limits how quickly a president can act
- boland amendments
- 1980s, curbed covert action in nicaragua by executive branch
- intergovernmental organizations
- intl organizations tied to governments (UN, nato, etc.)
- kosovo
- wanted independence, started getting massacred, NATO/us bomb
- lebanon emergency aassistance act
- congress allowed reagan to keep troops in lebanon
- universal human rights
- everyone has the exact same rights around the world
- clash of civilizations
- huntington belived that world delineated into various sectors, clash along cultural lines
- great white fleet
- signal of american power around the world
- strategic defense initiative (star wars)
- reagan's attempt to have laser based ballistic missile defense
- ambassador
- personal representative of the president to a foreign country
- weinberger doctrine
- US forces should be used if long term support available, clearly defiend objetives, and clear intent of winning
- collection
- absorbtion of intelligence
- official development assistance
- sponsored official loan to developing countries
- power elite
- generals, CEOs, and politicians that are a barrier to presidential preferences
- paramilitary operations
- anything from assassinations to secret warfare
- spanish-american war
- us goes to war against spain for territory
- preemptive defense
- attack before you are attacked, bush doctrine
- reciprocal trade agreements act
- congress gave fdr authority to reduce tariffs reciprocally
- usa patriot act
- expanded capabilities of law enforcement, fewer civil liberties
- demilitarization of the american-canadian border
- no more hostile britain in the north
- interventions in the caribbean, central america, and mexico
- us intervene in latin america because of political, economic, security reasons
- intelligence to please
- massage data to please those at the top
- (subgovernments or) iron triangles
- bureaucracies within branches between bureaucrats, lawmakers, and lobbyists
- iraq war
- US attack preemptively in 2003 because of wmds
- ground-based interceptor
- part of ballistic missile defense, fires at incoming missiles to destroy them
- humint
- intelligence gathered by people
- reporting requirements
- mandates a report to congress on every important covert action intervention
- proliferation of weapons
- automatic weapons increasing across the world
- diplomacy
- communication with other governments to settle disputes
- presidential model
- global decisions are left exclusively to the president (imperial presidency)
- (commission on national security in the 21st century) hart-rudman commission
- attempt to redefine natoinal security goals, recommended homeland security, 1998
- general agreement on tariffs and trade
- global group that would lower tariffs, bretton woods
- war on terror
- US deployed around the world to fight terrorists
- dawes plan
- encourage american investors to loan germany $ to pay reparations
- al qaeda
- islamic fundamentalist terrorist group
- model treaty
- 1776 stress commercialism in treaties
- universal declaration of human rights
- UN's statement listing human rights
- hard power
- military and economic inducements/threats
- interest or pressure groups
- groups with an interest that tries to influence afp (corporations, think tanks, unions, etc)
- embargoes
- prohibitions on exports to a country
- weapons technology
- difference in quality of arms
- war powers resolution
- place obstacles in the way of president to commit forces, requires president to notify when forces are committed, and sets up 60 day timetable for return without authorization
- weapons of mass destruction
- nuclear, biological, and chemical arms
- countervalue
- attacking industrial and communication centers
- european geopolitical competition
- europe was at war with itself, didn't let europeans attack us
- arms control
- us policy to contain WMD
- hughes-ryan amendment
- 1977 act required president to approve covert actions through an official white house endorsement, also required notification of congressional committees
- joint resolution
- majority vote in both chambers subject to presidential veto
- intelligence cycle
- planning, collection, procession, production, dissemination