a and p chapter 4
Terms
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- tissue level of organization
-
group of similar cells
-common embryonic origin
-common function - histology
- study of tissues
- pathologist
- looks for tissue changes that indicate disease
- epithelial tissue is located at
- any entrance to the body
- epithelial tissue covers
- surfaces because cells are in contact
- epithelial tissue lines
- hollow organs, cavities and ducts
- epithelial tissue forms
- glands when cells sink under the surface
- conective tissue is found
- between cells
- conective tissue -and- structures together
- supports and binds
- conective tissue stores
- energy as fat
- connective tissue provides
- immunity to disease
- what are the 4 main tissues
- epithelial, conective, muscle, and nerve
- muscle tissue
- cells shorten(actively) in length(passively) producing movement
- nerve tissue cells that
- conduct electrical signals
- nerve tissue detects
- changes inside and outside the body
- nerve tissue responds with
- nerve impulses
- biopsy
-
removal of living tissue for microscopic examination
-surgery
-needle biopsy - biopsy usefull for
- diagnosis, especially cancer
- biopsy tissue is
- preserved, sectioned and stained before microscopic viewing
- what are the 5 cell junctions
-
tight
adherens
gap
desmosomes
hemidesmosomes - epithelial tissue
- closely packed cells forming continuous sheets
- epithelial cells sit
- on basement membrane
- epithelial tissue has apical(apex)
- upper free surface
- epithelial tissue is a---
-
avascular
without blood vessels
nutrients diffuse in from underlying conective tissue - epithelial tissue has a good
- nerve supply
- epithelial tissue has good
- nerve supply
- epithelial tissue has rapid
-
cell division(mitosis)
for protection - epithelial covering
- lining versus glandular types
- basement membrane
-
basal laminma
reticular lamina
holds cells to conective tissue
guide for cell migration - basal lamina
-
close to and secreted by epithelial cells
contains collagen and laminin proteins - reticular lamina
-
secreted by connective tissue cells
reticular fibers - 2 types of epithelium
-
covering and lining
glandular epithelium - covering and lining epithelium
-
epidermis of skin
lining of blood vessels and ducts
lining respiratory, reproductive, urinary and gi tract - glandular epithelium
-
derived from epithelial cells that sank below the surface during development
exocrine glands
endocrine glands - classification of epithelium
-
by arrangement of cells into layers
by shape or surface of cells - arangement of cells into layers
-
simple-one cell layer
stratified- many cell layers
pseudostratified- single layer of cells where all cells don't reach appical surface - epithelium shape
-
squamous-flat
cubodial-cube shaped
columnar-tall column
transitional-shape varies with tissue stretching - simple squamous epithelium
-
single layer of flat cells
-lines blood vessels(endothelium), body cavities(mesothelium)
-very thin--controls diffusion,osmosis and filtration
- nuclei centrally located
cells in direct contact with each other - simple cubodial epithelium
-
single layer of cubed shaped cells viewed from the side
nuclei round and centrally located
lines tubes of kidney
absorption or secretion - nonciliated simple columnar
-
single layer rectangular cells
unicellular glands(lubricate gi, respiratory, reproductive and urinary systems)
microvilli(increse area for absorption) - unicellular glands
- goblet cells secrete mucus
- micreovilli
- fingerlike cytoplasmic projections
- ciliated simple columnar epithelium
-
single layer rectangular cells with cilia
mucus from goblet cells moved along by cilia
-found in respiratory system and uterine tubes - stratified squamous epithelium
-
several layers thick
surface cells flat
keratinized
nonkeratinized - keratinized
-
surface cells dead and filled with keratin
-skin (epidermis) - nonkeratinized
-
no keratin in moist living cells at surface
-mouth, vagina - stratified cubodial epithelium
-
multilayered
surface cells cubodial
-rare (only found in sweat gland ducts and male urethra) - stratified columnar epithelium
-
for protection
very rare - transitional epithelium
-
multilayered
surface cells varying in shape from round to flat if stretched
lines hollow organs that expand from within(urinary bladder) - pseudostratified columnar
-
single cell layer
all cells attach to basement membrane but not all reach free surface
nuclei at varying depths
respiratory system,male urethra and epididymis - exocrine glands
-
ducted
-cells that secrete sweat ,ear wax, saliva, digestive enzymes onto free surface of epithelial layer
-connected to the surface by tubes(ducts)
-unicellular glands or multicellular glands - endocrine glands
-
secrete hormones into the bloodstream
hormones help maintain homeostasis
(ductless) - structural classification of exocrine glands
-
unicellular are single celled glands
-goblet cells
multicellular glands
-branched(compond) or unbranched (simple)
-tublar or acinar (flask-Like) shape - unbranched ducts
- simple glands
- duct of multi cellular glands
-
sweat gland duct
stratified cubodial epithelium - methods of glandular secretion
-
merocrine
apocrine
holocrine - merocrine
-
most glands
-cells release their products by
excocytosis---saliva, digestive enzymes and sweat - apocrine
-
smelly sweat and milk
upper part of cell possibly pinches off and dies - holocrine
-
oil gland
whole cells die and rupture to release their products - conective tissue
-
cells rarely touch due to extracellular matrix
matrix
consitency varies from liquid, gel to solid
does not occur on free surface
good nerve and blood supply except cartilage and tendons - matrix
- fibers and ground substance secreted by cells
- cell types
-
blast type
cyte type
plasma cells
adipocytes
clast cells
mast cells
plasma cells
macrophages - conective tissue ground substance
-
ground substance non cell part
-supports cells and fibers
-helps determine consistency of the matrix
(fluid, gel, or solid)
-contains many large molecules
(hyaluronic acid, condroitin sulfate, adhesion proteins) - hyaluronic acid
- thick,viscous and slippery
- condroitin sulfate
- jellylike substance providing support
- adhesion proteins
- (fibronectin) binds collagen fibers to ground substance
- types of connective tissue fibers
-
collagen
elastin
reticular - collagen
-
25% of protein in your body
tough resistance to pull, yet pliable
formed from the protein collagen - elastin
-
lung blood vessels ear cartilage
smaller diameter fibers formed from protein elastin surrounded by glycoprotein (fibrillin)
can stretch up to 150% of relaxed length and return to original shape - reticular
-
spleen and lymph nodes
thin branched fibers that form framework of organs
formed from protein collagen - marfan syndrome
-
inherited disorder of fibrillin gene
abnormal development of elastic fibers
tendency to be tall with very long legs, arms fingers and toes
life threatening weakening of aorta may lead to rupture - mature connective tissue
-
loose conective tissue
dense conective tissue
cartilage
bone blood lymph - loose conective tissue
- loosely woven fibers throughout tissues
- types of loose conective tissue
-
areolar conective tissue
adipose
reticular - areolar connective tissue
-
cell types-fibroblasts, plasma cells, macrophages, mast cells and a few white blood cells
all 3 types of fibers present
gelatinous ground substance - areolar conective tissue colors
-
black- elastic fibers
pink- collagen fibers
nuclei are mostly fibroblasts - adipose tissue
- tissue composed of adipocytes specialized for trigliceride storage and present in the form of soft pads between various organs for support, protection and insulation
- liposuction(suction lipectomy)
-
suction removal of subcutaneous fat for body contouring
dangers include fat emboli, infection injury to internal organs and excessive pain - reticular connective tissue
-
(filter paper)
network of fibers and cells that produce framework of organ
holds organ together(liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow) - dense conective tissue
- more fibers but fewer cells
- types of dense conective tissue
-
dense regular
dense irregular
elastic - dense regular conective tissue
-
collagen fibers in parallel bundels with fibroblasts between bundles of collagen fibers
white tough and pliable when unstained(forms tendons)
also known as white fibrous connective tissue - dense irregular connective tissue
-
collagen fibers are irregulary arranged(interwoven)
tissue can resist tension from any direction
very tough tissue---white of eyeball, dermis of skin - elastic conective tissue
-
branching elastic fibers and fibroblasts
can stretch and still return to original shape
lung tissue, vocal cords ligament between vertebrae - cartilage
-
network of fibers in rubbery ground substance
resilient and can endure more stress than loose or dense connective tissue - types of cartilage
-
hyaline
fibrocartilage
elastic - hyaline cartilage
-
bluish shiny white rubbery substance
chondrocytes sit in spaces called lacunae
no blood vessels or nerves so repar is very slow
reduces friction at joints as articular cartilage - fibrocartilage
-
many more collagen fibers causes rigidity and stiffness
strongest type of cartilage (intervertebral discs) - elastic cartilage
-
elastic fibers help maintain shape after deformations
ear nose vocal cartilage - growth and repair of cartilage
-
grows and repairs slowly because is avascular
interstitial growth
appositional growth - interstitial growth
-
chondrocytes divide and form new matrix
occurs in childhood and adolescence - appositional growth
-
chondroblasts secrete matrix onto surface
produces increase in width - bone (osseous) tissue
-
spongy bone
compact bone
protects, provides for movement, stores minerals, site of blood cell formation - spongy bone
-
rbc production
sponge like with spaces and trabeculae
trabeculae-struts of bone surrounded by red bone marrow
no osteons(cellular organization) - compact bone
-
solid dense bone
basic unit of structure is osteon(haversian system)
osteocytes in spaces(lacunae) in between lamellae
canaliculi(tiny canals) connect cell to cell - osteon
-
lamellae(rings) of mineralized matrix
calcium and phosphate---gives it hardness
interwoven collagen fibers provide strength - blood
-
connective tissue with a liquid matrix-the plasma
cell types- red blood cells(erythrocytes), white blood cells(leukocytes) and cell fragments called platelets(thrombocytes)
provide clotting, immune functions, carry o2 and co2 - lymph
-
interstitial fluid being transported in lymphatic vessels
contains less protein than plasma
move cells and substances(lipids) from one part of the body to another - membranes
- epithelial layer sitting on a thin layer of connective tissue(lamina propria)
- types of membranes
-
mucous
serous
synovial
cutaneous - mucuous membranes
-
lines a body cavity that opens to the outside (mouth, vagina, anus)
epithelial cells form a barrier to microbes
tight junction between cells
mucuous is secreted from underlying glands to keep surface moist - serous membranes
-
simple squamous (one layer) cells overlying loose ct layer
squamous cells secrete slippery fluid
lines a body cavity that does not open to the outside such as chest or abdominal cavity(pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium
parietal layer, and visceral layer) - parietal layer
- membrane on walls of cavity
- visceral layer
- membrane over organs in cavity
- synovial membranes
-
line joint cavities of all freely movable joints
no epithelial cells---just special cells that secrete slippery fluid(decrease friction nurish) - muscle
-
cells that shorten (contract)
provide us with motion, posture and heat - types of muscle
-
skeletal (voluntary)
cardiac (involuntary)
smooth(involuntary) in hollow organs - skeletal muscle
-
cells are long cylinders with many peripheral nuclei
visible light and dark banding (looks striated)striped
voluntary or conscious control - cardiac muscle
-
cells are branched cylinders with one central nuclei
involuntary and striated
attached to and communicate with each other by intercalated discs and desmosomes - smooth muscle
-
spindle shaped cells with a single central nuclei
walls of hollow organs(bl vessels, gi tract bladder)
involuntary and nonstriated - nerve tissue
-
cell types nerve cells and neuroglial (supporting) cells
nerve cell structure
nucleus and long cell processes conduct nerve signals
dendrite
axon - dendrite
- signal travel towards the cell body
- axon
- signal travels away from cell body
- adherens junctions
- holds epithelial cells together
- tight junction
- water tight seal between cells
- desmosomes
-
resists cellular seperation and cell disruption
cellular support of cardiac muscle - hemidesmosomes
-
half a desmosome
connects cells to extracellular material
basement membrane - gap junction
-
most important
cell comunication with ions and small molecules
muscle and nerve impulses spread from cell to cell
-heart and smooth muscles of gut