phonetics vocabulary
Terms
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- Affricate
- A stop followed by a homorganic fricative
- Allophone
- A variant of a phoneme
- Alternations
- Variations in words that can be described in terms of phonological rules
- Alveolar
- "An articulation involving the tip or blade of the tongue and the alveolar ridge, such as d in English die"
- Anticipatory coarticulation
- An action in which one of the speech organs that is not involved in making a particular sound moves toward its position for a subsequent sound
- Apical
- An articulation involving the tip of the tongue
- Approximant
- "An articulation in which one articulator is close to another but without the tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced j,l,r,w are approximants"
- Articulation
- The approach or contact of two speech organs
- Aspiration
- "A period of voicelessness after the release of an articulation, as in English pie"
- Assimilation
- The change of one sound into another sound because of the influence of neighboring sounds
- Back vowels
- "Vowels in which the body of the tongue is in the back part of the oral cavity. The vowels u,o, (backward c), a form a set of back reference vowels."
- bilabial
- an articulation involving both lips
- breathy voice
- another name for murmur
- click
- a stop made with an ingressive velaric airstream
- closed syllable
- a syllable with a consonant at the end
- coarticulation
- the overlapping of adjacent articulations
- coda
- the consonants occurring after the vowel in a syllable
- coronal
- a term for sounds articulated with the tip or blade of the tongue raised toward the teeth or the alveolar ridge such as [s, t]
- creaky voice
- another term for laryngealization
- diphthong
- a vowel in which there is a change in quality during a single syllable, as in English [aI] in high
- dorsal
- describing sounds articulated with the back of the tongue
- downdrift
- the tendency for the pitch to fall throughout an intonational phrase
- ejective
- a stop made with an egressive glottalic airstream
- epenthesis
- the insertion of one or more sounds in the middle of a word
- flap
- an articulation in which one articulator, usually the tongue tip, is drawn back and then allowed to strike against another articulator in returning to its rest position
- formant
- a group of overtones corresponding to a resonating frequency of air in the vocal tract
- fricative
- narrowing of the distance between two articulators so that the airstream is partially obstructed and a turbulent airflow is produced, as in English [z] in zoo
- front vowels
- i, e, É›, a form a set of front vowels
- geminate
- adjacent segments that are the same
- glottal
- an articulation involving the glottis as [ Ê” ] in button
- glottalic airstream mechanism
- movement of pharynx air by the action of the glottis. Ejectives and Implosives are formed this way
- glottis
- the space between the vocal folds
- homorganic
- made in the same place of articulation, d and n in hand are homorganic
- implosive
- a stop made with an ingressive glottalic airstream
- interdental
- articulated with the tongue between the upper and lower teeth
- labial
- involving one or both lips: [f, v, m[
- laryngeal
- the region of the vocal tract at the glottis where consonantal articulations such as [h, Ê” ] are made
- lateral
- an articulation in which the airstream flows over the sides of the tongue as in English [l]
- lax
- lax vowels in English can occur in monosyllables closed by ng, such as sing, length, hang, long, hung.
- liquid
- l and various r sounds
- murmur
- another name for breathy voice
- nasal
- a sound in which the soft palate is lowered so that there is no velic closure and air may go out through the nose, as in English [m]
- nasalization
- lowering of the soft palate during a sound in which air is going out of the mouth (often anticipatory)
- nucleus
- the center of a syllable, usually just the vowel
- obstruent
- a fricative, stop, or affricate
- onset
- the consonants occurring before the vowel in a syllable
- open syllable
- a syllable without a consonant at the end
- oral stop
- complete stoppage of both the nasal and oral cavities, as in [b, d, g]
- palatal
- an articulation involving the front of the tongue and the hard palate
- phoneme
- one of a set of abstract units that can be used for writing a language down in a systematic and unambiguous way
- plosive
- a stop made with a pulmonic airstream mechanism, such as in English p or b
- rhotacization
- r-coloring, resulting from the lowering of the third formant
- stop
- complete closure of two articulators
- stress
- the use of extra respiratory energy during a syllable
- tap
- a rapid movement of the tip of the tongue upward to contact the roof of the mouth
- tense
- tense vowels in English are those which can occur in stressed open syllables
- tone
- a pitch that conveys part of the meaning in a word
- uvular
- an articulation involving the back of the tongue and the uvula as the r in French rouge
- velar
- an articulation involving the back of the tongue and the velum as in English g in guy
- velaric airstream mechanism
- movement of mouth air by action of the tongue (clicks are produced this way)
- velum
- the soft movable part of the palate at the back of the mouth
- vocoid
- a sound with no obstruction at the center of the mouth. Vowels and semi-vowels are vocoids
- voice bar
- a dark area near the baseline in a spectrogram, indicating voicing during a consonant
- voiced
- having vibrations of the vocal folds during an articulation
- voiceless
- pronounced without vibrations of the vocal folds
- voice onset time
- the moment at which the voicing starts relative to the release of a closure