Exam II Anatomy Block II Unit II
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- What is the blood supply to the scrotum?
-
Perineal a.
Pudendal a.
Cremaster a. - What is the lymphatic drainage of the scrotum?
- Superficial inguinal lymph nodes.
- What is the blood supply to the testis?
-
Testicular a. (from abdominal aorta)
Testicular veins (pampiniform plexus) - What is the drainage of the testis?
- R and left lumbar (caval/aortic) and preaortic lymph nodes.
- Which form of hernia is more common in men than women?
- Indirect
- Which form of hernia is more common in men older than 40?
- Direct
- How can you find the omental foramen? WHere is it?
- It is posterior to the free edge of the hepatoduodenal ligament and can be located by running a finger along the gallbladder to the free edge of the lesser omentum.
- What are the anterior boundaries of the omental foramen?
- Portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct (in hepatoduodenal ligament)
- What are the posterior boundaries of the omental foramen?
- IVC, Right crus of the diaphragm (covered with parietal peritoneum)
- What are the superior boundaries of the omental foramen?
- Caudate lobe of the liver (covered with visceral peritoneum)
- What are the inferior boundaries of the omental foramen?
- Superior part or first part of the duodenum, portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct.
- How do materials from the hepatorenal pouch get to the infracolic compartment?
- Through the right paracolic gutter because the phrenicocolic ligament on the left blocks flow to the left paracolic gutter.
- Where are the gastrohepatic and hepato duodenal ligaments derived from?
- Ventral mesogastrium.
- Where are the gastrosplenic, gastrophrenic, splenicorenal, and phrenicosplenic ligaments derived from?
- Dorsal mesogastrium.
- What controls bile flow in the hepatopancreatic ampulla?
- The sphincter of Oddi.
- What cells give the pancreas its exocrine function?
- Acinar cells (pancreatic enzymes)
- What cells give the pancreas its endocrine function?
- Pancreatic islets (insulin, glucagon)
- Where is the spleen located?
- Left hypochondrium or LUQ
- What two ligaments surround the splenic artery and vein?
- Splenorenal and gastrosplenic ligaments.
- What is another name for Ampulla of Vater?
- Hepatopancreatic ampula.
- What are the derivatives of the hepatic diverticulum?
- Liver, gall bladder, biliary apparatus.
- What does the splanchnic mesenchyme of the ventral mesentary form in the derivatives of the foregut?
- CT, endothelial cells, hemopoetic tissue, kupffer cells.
- What does the smaller ventral bud of the pancreas form?
- Uncinate process and part of the head.
- What serves as the axis of the midgut loop's rotation?
- Superior mesenteric artery.
- What is the congenital basis for umbilico-ileal fistula?
- Persistence of the yolk stalk
- What surrounds an omphalmoceole?
- Epithelium of umbilical cord around the portion of the small intestine that failed to return to the abdominal cavity.
- What is an umbilical hernia due to?
- Defect in the closure of the umbilicus.
- When does an umbilical hernia develop?
- After successful return of the intestine to the abdominal cavity.
- What surrounds the herniated mass in an umbilical hernia?
- Skin
- What is the location/how does the urorectal septum form?
- It is comprised of folds of embryonic mesodermal tissue that fuses and grows toward the cloacal membrane, separating the allantois and the cloaca.
- What are the lymphatics that supply the portion of the anal canal above the pectinate line?
- Lumbar lymph nodes.
- What is the innervation of the anal canal above teh pectinatel line?
- Autonomics, stretch sensation supplied by sympathetics.
- What is the blood supply of the anal canal below the pectinate line derived from?
- Branches of internal iliac.
- WHat is the lymphatic supply of the anal canal below the pectinate line derived from?
- Inguinal lymph nodes.
- What is the innervation of the anal canal below the pectinate line?
- Somatic, pain sensation via spinal nerves.
- What causes anal stenosis?
- Dorsal deviation of the urorectal septum.
- Where do sympathetics innervating the gut synapse?
- Usually in Pre vertebral ganglia, they pass through para vertebral ganglia.
- What is the origin of the coronary and triangular ligaments?
- Reflections of the ventral mesentery onto the diaphragm.
- What is the origin of the visceral peritoneum of the liver?
- Ventral mesentary
- Which nerve runs laterally through the knee?
- Common fibular.
- Which nerve runs medially through the knee?
- Saphenous nerve.
- What are the 3 things injured in the unhappy triad?
- ACL, MCL, medial meniscus
- What artery supplies the ACL and PCL?
- Middle genicular artery
- What skin does the saphenous nerve supply?
- Medial calf to ankle.
- How does the saphenous nerve enter the ankle?
- Anterior to the medial malleolus.
- What actions does the common fibular nerve innervate?
- Dorsiflexion and eversion.
- What skin does the superficial fibular nerve innervate?
- Dorsal surface of the foot.
- What nerve innervates the tips of the does and nailbeds?
- Plantar nerves.
- What nerve innervates the skin between toes 1+2?
- Great fibular
- What nerve innervates quadratus femorus? What is the origin of this nerve?
-
Femoral nerve
L2-L4 - What nerve innervates Gastrocnemius and soleus?
- S2,S3 nerve
- If a patient is having their left hip drop every time they lift their foot off of the ground which side is affected and what is affected?
- The righ side gluteus minimis and medius are affected.
- What nerve supplies gluteus medius and minimus?
- Superior gluteal
- Where does the superior gluteal nerve run?
- Superior to piriformis and between gluteus medius and minimis
- What is the origin of Superior gluteal nerve?
- L4-S1
- What foramen does the pudendal nerve leave through?
- Through the lesser sciatic foramen to go into the pudendal canal.
- What structure forms the pudendal canal?
- Obturator internis.
- What does the inferior rectal artery branch off of?
- Internal pudendal just before it enters the pudendal canal.
- What is in the anterior compartment of the leg?
-
Anterior tibialis
EDL
EHL
Anterior tibial artery
Deep fibular nerve - What does the deep fibular nerve supply that is not in the anterior compartment?
- EDB
- What artery supplies the anterior compartment?
- Anterior tibial artery.
- What do enteroendocrine cells mainly secrete?
- Serotonin.
- What does serotonin do in the gut?
- Stimulates peristalsis by activating mesenteric cells
- What plexus does the stomach lack?
- The submucosal plexus
- How can you tell you are in the appendix?
- Peyer's patches on all sides not just opposite to where the mesentary attaches.
- What type of epithelium are found in the anal canal?
- Simple cuboidal, stratified squamous non-keratinized, stratified squamous keratinized.
- What type of epithelium lines the appendix?
- Simple columnar with goblet cells.
- What do paneth cells secrete and what does this do?
- Lysozyme, kills bacteria
- Does the large intestine have villi?
- NO!
- Where does the pudendal nerve originate from?
- The sacral plexus S2-S4
- What are the 2 terminal branches of the pudendal nerve?
- Perineal nerve and dorsal nerve of the penis or clitoris
- What ligament does the internal pudendal artery curve around?
- The sacrospinous ligament.
- What vessel pierces the wall of the pudendal canal?
- The inferior rectal artery.
- Where is the perineal body located in females?
- Between the vagina and anus.
- What attaches to the perineal body?
-
External anal sphincter
Bulbospongiosus
Superficial transverse perineal muscle
Anterior fibers of levator ani - Where does the superior rectum drain?
- To the pararectal lymph nodes
- What does the inferior rectum drain?
- Sacral nodes.
- What are the inferior/superior borders of the superficial perineal pouch?
-
Inferiorly=perineal fascia (colles)
superiorly = perineal membrane. - What does camper's fascia become in the scrotum?
- Dartos
- What does Scarpa's fascia become in the scrotum?
- Colles fascia
- What is found in the superficial pouch?
-
Ischiocavernosus
Bulbospongiosus
Superficial transverse perineal muscle
Cura of penis/clitoris
Bulb of penis/vestibular bulbs
Greater vestibular bulbs (female) - What is found in the deep pouch?
-
Membranous portion of the urethra
External urethral sphincter
Deep transverse perineal muscle
Bulbourethral gland - What veins does the internal pudendal vein recieve?
- Perineal and inferior hemorrhoidal veins
- Does the pudendal nerve pierce the pelvic diaphragm?
- NO
- What do the deep arteries of the penis/clitoris link up with?
- Crura in the superficial pouch
- What is the capsule taht surrounds the liver called?
- Glisson's capsule.
- Frow where to where does the inguinal ligament run?
- Pubic tubercle to ASIS
- In what organ's epithelium are clear and brush cells found?
- Gall Bladder.
- Describe the path of blood from the sinusoids on out of the liver.
- Sinusoids to central vein to sublobular vein to collecting vein to left/right hepatic veins
- What is the space of Disse AKA?
- Perisinusoidal space.
- Do hepatocytes contact blood?
- NO only plasma
- Where are ito cells found? What do they do?
- They are in the space of Disse. They concentrate vitamin A.
- Describe the path of bile from the hepatocytes on out.
- Bile canaliculi to Bile ductules (canals of herring) to portal bile ducts to hepatic bile ducts
- Which duct looks like a "string of pearls"?
- Portal bile ducts.
- Describe the flow of pancreatic enzymes out from the pancreaticoacinar cells.
- Intercalated ducts to intralobular ducts to interlobular ducts to main pancreatic ducts
- Does the gall bladder have a muscularis interna?
- NO!
- What cells are small, stellate shaped and clear in the pancreas? What do they do?
- Centroacinar cells Secrete bicarbonate.
- What prompts centroacinar cells to release bicarbonate?
- Secretin
- Where are pancratic islets of langerhans most numerous?
- In the tail of the pancreas.
- What innervates iliopsoas?
- L2-L4
- What are the attachments of the crus of the diaphram?
- L1-L3
- Which crus forms the ligament of Treitz?
- Right crus.
- At what level do the left and right renal arteries branch off?
- L1
- What is another name for renal capsule?
- Gerota's capsule.
- What is the pubovesicular ligament called in males?
- Puboprostatic ligament
- What are the two grooves on either side of the bladder called?
- Paravesicular fossae.
- What is the only "pouch" in the male pelvis?
- Retctovesical pouch*
- Which part of the broad ligament is continuos with the germinal layer and covering of the suspensory ligament of the ovary?
- Mesovarium
- What structures are in the broad ligament?
- Uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries, ligament of the ovary, ovarian and uterine arteries, round ligament of the uterus.
- In which part of the pelvis is the prostate located?
- False pelvis
- Which part of the pelvis is the rectum located?
- Both true and false pelvis
- Where does the bladder trigone arise from embryologically?
- The mesonephric duct
- What secretes proteins, enzymes, fructose, flavin ,citrate, prostaglandins and mucoid lubrication?
- Seminal vesicles
- What peritoneum covers the uterine tubes?
- The mesosalpinx
- What peritoneum is the germinal layer of the ovary?
- Mesovarium
- What bones does the urogenital diaphram connect?
- Pubic rami
- From where to where does iliococcygeous run?
- From tendonous arch to the coccyx
- What nerve supplies levator ani?
- S4 of coccygeal plexus and sometimes pudendal nerve (S2-S4)
- Which branches off of which, the uterine artery or the vaginal artery?
- The uterine artery branches off of the vaginal artery.
- What is the origin of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh?
- L2,L3
- What is the origin of the posterior cutaneous nerve?
- S1,S2
- What does the tensor fascia latae connect?
- ASIS and iliotibial tract
- What is the origin of the sciatic nerve?
- From the sacral plexus L4-S3
- What foramen does the sciatic nerve pass through?
- Greater sciatic foramen
- Where does the sciatic nerve get its blood supply from?
- Inferior gluteal artery
- Where is teh adductor tubercle found?
- On the medial condyle of the femur.
- What forms the saphenous hiatus?
- Fascia latae
- What sort of nerve is the saphenous nerve?
- Pure sensory.
- What do the perforating arteries supply? Where are they coming from?
- They come from the deep artery of the thigh to supply the hamstring muscles in the posterior compartment.
- Where does the deep femoral artery split from the femoral?
- After the inguinal ligament.
- Trace the divisions of the femoral artery into the leg.
-
Femoral -> Deep femoral and Popliteal
Popliteal->Anterior and posterior tibial
Posterior Tibial ->Fibular artery - What are the 2 nerves in teh femoral canal?
- Nerve to vastus medialis and saphenous nerve
- What muscles are found in the anterior compartment of the lower limb?
- Vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, rectus femoris, sartorius, tensor fascia latae
- What muscles are found in the medial compartment of the thigh?
- Adductor longus, Adductor brevis, adductor magnus, Gracilis and pectineus
- What muscles are found in the posterior compartment of the thigh?
- Biceps femoris, Semimembranosus, Semitendinosus.
- What compartment is the popliteus muscle in?
- No compartment.
- What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg?
- Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallicus longus, fibularis tertius.
- What muscles are in the posterior superficial compartment of the leg?
- Gascrocnemius, plantaris, soleus
- What muscles are found in the deep posterior compartment of the leg?
- Tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallicus longus
- What muscles are found in the lateral compartment of the leg?
- Fibularis longus and fibularis brevis
- What is active insufficiency?
- A muscle cannot act across two joints at the same time
- What stage are eggs in before puberty?
- Metaphase II
- What stage is the primary oocyte in?
- Diplotene stage of Prophase I
- What stage is the secondary oocyte in?
- Metaphase II
- What do theca luteal cells develop from?
- Theca interna
- What are atretic follicles?
- Follicles that are degrading
- What inhibits FSH release?
- High Estrogen levels
- What hormone causes nabothian cysts?
- Progesterone
- Where is the peritubular network found?
- In the cortical labrynth
- Which is darker staining cortex or medulla?
- Cortex
- What increases aldosterone release?
- Renin
- What decreases ADH and aldosterone release?
- ANF Atrio nio(....) factor
- Distinguish between the contents of the inner medullary and outer medullary zone of J-G nephrons.
-
Inner = THIN segments of henle + Collecting Ducts
Outer = THICK AND THIN segments of henle + collecting ducts - What makes up a renal lobule?
- One medullary ray plus its cortical labyrinth.
- What part of the nephron is impermeable to water?
- Ascending limb of loop of henle and the distal tubule.
- What part of the nephron responds to ADH?
- The collecting duct
- Where are intraglomular mesangial cells found?
- Within the filtration slit between processes of podocytes.
- What supplies blood to the medullary region?
- Vasa recta.
- Where do efferent arterioles of cortical nephrons drain?
- Into peritubular cappliary network to interlobular veins.
- Where do efferent arterioles of J-G nephrons drain?
- INto vasa recta to arcuate veins.
- Is the parietal layer of the bowman's capsule inner or outer?
- Inner layer
- What is the origin of the lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh?
- L2-L3
- What is the origin of the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh?
- S1-S3
- What forms the angle of inclination?
- Head and neck of femur
- What artery can you palpate on the posterior aspect of the knee?
- Posterior tibial
- What type of nerve is the saphenous nerve?
- Pure sensory
- What compartment is pectineus a part of?
- Medial compartment
- WHat compartment is the Tensor fascia latae a part of?
- Anterior compartment
- What compartment does the popliteus muscle lie in?
- NONE!
- What compartment is fibularis tertius in?
- Anterior compartment
- How many plantar interosseus muscles are there?
- 3
- How many dorsal interosseus muscles are there?
- 4
- What is the origin of the planter arteries?
- Posterior tibial artery
- What dermatome is the lateral side of the foot in?
- S1
- What dermatome is the medial 3 toes/ shin in?
- L5
- What dermatome is the medial half of the big toe in?
- L4
- What are the two major dermatomes on the posterior side of the leg?
- S1 and S2
- Where is the ischo femoral ligament and what does it resist?
- Posterior, resists flexion of hip joint
- Where is the pubofemoral ligament and what does it resist?
- It is from the pubus to proximal femur and it resists ABduction of hip
- Which ligament attaches to the intertrochantic line?
- Iliofemoral or Y ligament
- What does the iliofemoral ligament resist?
- Resists extension of the hip
- What muscle do the ureters lie on proximal to the kidneys?
- On the psoas muscle
- In a cross section what will levator ani be around?
- The rectum
- What does the tendon of obturator internis wrap around?
- Ishchial spine
- What is found to either side of the rectum in a cross section that includes levator ani muscles?
- Ishioanal fossae
- What do Mox-1, N-Myc, Hoxc9 do?
- Nephron differentiation and glomerulus formation in metanephric kidney.
- What TFs induces ureteric bud formation and makes epithelial cells?
- PAX-2, BF-2, WNT-2
- What do FGF-2, BMP-7 and LIF do?
- Aggregate blastema
- What TFs are needed for nephron differentiation and glomerulus formation in metanephric kidney?
- Mox-1, N-Myc,Hoxc9
- What do PAX-2, BF-2, WNT-2 do?
- Induce ureteric bud formation, make epithelial cells
- What TF are needed to aggregate blastema?
- FGF-2, BMP-7, LIF
- What does LIM-2 do?
- Aggregates mesenchyme cells iinto nephric duct.
- What TFs are needed for formation of the mesonephros?
- LIM-2, PAX-2, Wt-1
- What is WT-1 necessary for besides regulating GDNF?
- Mesonephric tubule formation.
- What is the epithelium of the lower urinary tract derived from?
- Hindgut endoderm
- What do the mesonephros develop from? (tissue)
- Intermediate mesoderm at thoracolumbar region.
- What do the metanephros develop from? (tissue)
- Intermediate mesoderm at the sacral level.
- What forms the uniferous tubule?
- Ureteric bud and metanephric blastema
- What does the bladder form from?
- Vesicle part of UG sinus.
- What is the major origin of the bladder (tissue type)?
- Hindgut endothelium.
- What part of urinary development forms part of the male genital duct system?
- Mesonephric duct
- In what glands does benign prostatic hypertrophy take place?
- Mucosal glands
- What glands secrete into the prostatic sinus?
- main glands
- What glands are involved in prostate cancer?
- Main glands.
- What serves to demarkate the transition of epithelium in the urethra?
- Fossa navicularis
- What inhibits FSH?
- Inhibin from sertoli cells
- What forms the male utricle?
- Mullerian or paramensonephric duct.
- What does FSH prompt in males?
- Sertoli cells to produce androgen binding protein
- What type of epithelium are in tubuli recti?
- Sertoli cells and simple cuboidal epithelium
- What type of epithelium are in rete testis?
- Simple cuboidal epithelium
- What type of epithelium are in efferent ductules?
- Alternating tall ciliated columnar with low cuboidal epithelium. (sawtooth)
- What do the tubuli recti do?
- Transport sperm from apex of sertoli cells to rete testis (Straight)
- What type of epithelium is found in the epididymus?
- Pseudostratified columnar epithlium, Basal (stem) and principal (steriociliated) cells
- Describe the lumen of ductus deferens. How about its muscular layer?
- Large stellate lumen, very thick muscularis.
- What type of epithelium is found in the ductus deferens?
- Pseudostratified columnar with no cilia.
- What type of epithelium is in the ejaculatory duct?
- Simple columnar epithelium with no muscularis.
- What part of the male anatomy has a honeycomb appearance?
- Seminal vesicles
- What is the transition of epithelium from young to old in the prostate?
- Simple columnar to cuboidal epithelium
- What type of epithelium is the tunica vaginalis?
- Simple cuboidal
- What make up prostatic concretions?
- Calcified glycoproteins
- According to crissman what gland raises the pH of the vagina?
- Prostate
- What does BMP-4 do?
- Controls cells migrating into urogenital ridge.
- What is required to proliferate germ cells in the gonad?
- LIF and STEEL
- What TF are expressed during indifferent gonad formation?
-
LIF
STEEL
Wt-1
SF-1
Oct-4
Sox-9 - What does the vestibule form from?
- Pelvic part of terminal UG sinus
- What forms the epididymus (TF)?
- Hoxa10+11
- What gene promotes the TF that are required for the formation of the ductus deferens?
- Wnt7a
- What TF forms the prostate?
- Hoxd13
- What gene is necessary to form the paramesonephric duct?
- Wnt-4
- Which ducts form the broad ligament by migrating?
- Mullerian or paramesonephric
- Which sex cords do females and males use?
-
Females = cortical cords
Males = primary sex cords - What forms the seminal vesicle?
- The mesonephric duct
- What forms the urethral seam?
- Endoderm of urethral plate from the phallic portion of the urogenital sinus.
- What artery does the inferior hypogastric plexus lie on?
- Internal iliac
- What is the origin of endometrial epithelium?
- Coelomic mesothelium. (inside paramesonephric cord?)
- What is the origin of the epithelium of the vestibule of the vagina?
- Urogenital sinus epithelium (phallic part)
- What is the origin of Follicular or sertoli cells?
- Coelomic mesothelium
- What does the perineal nerve innervate?
-
Skin of posterior scrotum/labia majora
Skin over perineal body
Ischiocavernosus muscle
Skin over the greater vestibular gland - What is the origin of intersitial cells of leydig?
- Mesenchyme of intermediate mesoderm.