Sullivan Anatomy Lecture Section 1

Start Studying!

Terms

undefined, object

copy deck

Biology is ...: the study of living things
Anatomy is ...: * a branch of biology
* the study of structure and the relationships between structures
Approaches to study of Anatomy: 1. Microscopic Anatomy
* cytology
* histology
2. Gross Anatomy
* surface
* regional
* systemic
Different Perspectives on Anatomy: a. developmental anatomy
b. comparative anatomy
c. radiographic anatomy
d. medical (pathological) anatomy
Language of Anatomy: * Greek or Latin
* Prefixes, roots and suffixes
* Text page 775
SAP: Standard Anatomical Position
* starting point for positional references of the body
- body erect
- facing forward
- feet together
- arms at sides
- palms facing forward
Anterior: aka ventral
On or near the front or ventral surface of the body.
Posterior: aka dorsal
Towards the back; dorsal.
Superior: aka craniad, cephalad
Directional reference meaning above.
Inferior: aka caudad
A directional reference meaning below.
Medial: aka mesial
Toward the midline of the body.
Lateral: Pertaining to the side.
Proximal: Toward the attached base of an organ or structure.
Distal: Movement away from the point of attachment or origin; for a limb, away from its attachment to the trunk.
Superficial: Toward surface
Deep: Away from surface
Peripheral: around edge
Supine: Lying face up, with palms facing anteriorly
Prone: lying horizontally face down
Planes: * imaginary surfaces used to visualize the body sectioned
1. Sagittal (midsagittal, parasagittal)
2. Frontal (coronal)
3. Transverse (horizontal, cross)
Sections: * drawings/pictures cut on planes produce sections
1. Frontal section
2. Cross section
3. Midsagittal section
the human body is ...: bilaterally symmetrical
Body Cavities: Name the main Cavities: 1. Ventral Cavity
2. Dorsal Cavity
Body Cavities: 1. Ventral Cavity Name the subdivisions: a. thoracic cavity
b. abdominopelvic cavity
Body Cavities: 1. Dorsal Cavity Name the subdivisions: a. cranial cavity
b. spinal cavity

* retroperitoneal
Body Cavities: 1. Ventral Cavity - thoracic cavity: * pericardial cavity
* pleural (2) cavities
* mediastinal space (not a cavity)
Body Cavities: 1. Ventral Cavity - abdominopelvic cavity: * abdominal cavity
* pelvic cavity
Cells: * all living things are composed of cells
* all activities essential for life occur in cells
* human body contains trillions of cells
Typical Cell: * plasma membrane
* cytoplasm
a. cytosol (intracellular fluid)
b. inclusions
c. organelles
Types of organelles: * membranous
- nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, lysosomes and peroxisomes
* nonmembranous
- cytoskeleton, microvilli, centioles, flagella, and ribosomes
name the tissue types in the body: there are 4 tissue types:
1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscle
4. Nervous
Epithelial Tissue: Description: * close fitting cells, little matrix, on free surface, avascular, nerve supply, mitosis, sheets
Epithelial Tissue: Functions: 1. protection
2. absorption
3. filtration
4. secretion
5. lubrication
Epithelial Tissue: Location: 1. covers external surfaces
2. lines internal cavities or passageways
3. glands and ducts of glands
Epithelial tissues are NAMED according to ....: 1. shape
2. arrangement
Epithelial tissue: shape: * squamous
* cuboidal
* columnar
Epithelial: Arrangement: * simple
* stratified
* pseudostratified
* transitional
Simple Squamous Epitheium: 1. lines the heart (endocardium)
2. lines blood vessels (endothelium)
3. capillaries
4. alveoli
5. lines ventral body cavities ... mesothelia
(pleura, pericardium and peritoneum)
6. glomerular capsules
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium: 1. kidney tubules
2. surface of ovary
3. pancreas
4. thyroid gland
5. ducts of glands
Simple Columnar Epithelium: 1. lines GI tract from stomach to anal canal
2. ducts of glands
3. lines gallbladder
4. lines oviducts
Stratified Squamous Epithelium: 1. epidermis of skin
2. lines mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and anus
3. lines vagina
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium: 1. lines male urethra
2. lines nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi
3. lines auditory tube
Transitional Epithelium: 1. lines urinary bladder
2. lines ureter
3. lines part of urethra
4. lines renal pelvis
Glands: * are organs that are composed partly or wholly of epithelium
* can be unicellular/multicellular
* endocrine or exocrine
Glands can be classified according to their ...: STRUCTURE or FUNCTION
STRUCTURAL Types of Glands: 1. Simple coiled tubular
2. Simple branched tubular
3. Compound tubuloalveolar
4. Compound alveolar
5. Simple branched alveolar
FUNCTIONAL Types of Glands: 1. Merocrine
2. Apocrine
3. Holocrine
merocrine: product released by exocytosis
no destruction of cells
apocrine: secretions accumulate at one end of cell ... pinch off.
- cells only slightly damaged
holocrine: secretions accumulate in cells
- cells rupture/die
Glands Name them: SWEAT (simple coiled tubular) merocrine
MUCOUS & GASTRIC (simple branched tubular) merocrine
SALIVARY & PANCREAS (compound tubuloalveolar) merocrine
MAMMARY (compound alveolar) apocrine
SEBACEOUS (simple branched alveolar) holocrine
Membranes: 1. Mucous membranes
2. Serous membranes
3. Cutaneous membrane
4. Synovial membranes
Membranes: Mucous membranes: * line cavities open to the exterior
* histology varies
a. GI tract
b. reproductive system
c. respiratory system
d. urinary system
Membranes: Serous membranes: * line closed cavities
* simple squamous epithelium over areolar connective tissue
2 layers:
a. visceral layer - covers organs
b. parietal layer - lines cavity
examples: pleura, pericardium, peritoneum
Membranes: Cutaneous membrane: skin
Membranes: Synovial membranes: line joint cavities
Connective Tissues: Description: 1. cells (fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, mesenchyme cells, plasma cells, lymphocytes, etc.)
2. matrix (intercellular substance)
* ground substance
* fibers (collagen, elastic, reticlar)
* fluid --> fibrous/solid
Connective Tissues: General Info: * capable of mitosis
* has nerve supply
* some vascular/avascular
Connective Tissues: Location....: NOT on surface
Connective Tissues: Functions: 1. supports/connects
2. protects
3. structural framework
4. insulates
5. transporting materials
6. store energy
7. defense
Areolar Connective Tissue: General: * cells (macrophages, fibroblasts, adipocytes, mesenchyme cells)
* matrix (fibers/ground substance)
* least specialized connective tissue
* most widespread connective tissue in body
Areolar Connective Tissue: Locations: 1. surrounds and supports blood vessels/nerves
2. connects skin to subcutaneous tissue
3. around/between body organs
4. under lingin of GI respiratory and urinary tract
5. in dermis
6. in superficial fascia
7. between muscles
Adipose: General: * adipocytes
* little or no intercellular substance
* functions for nutrient storage, padding, cushions, insulator and filler
Adipose: Locations: 1. fat depots
2. subcutaneous layer of skin
3. yellow bone marrow
4. in membranes
5. around heart and kidneys
6. behind eyes
Dense Regular Connective Tissue: * aka white fibrous
Description: fibroblasts, elastic fibers and PARALLEL arranged collagen fibers
Location: Tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue: General: * similar to areolar connective tissue but, fewer cells and more collagen fibers
* many RANDOM collagen fibers
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue: Location: dermis, perichondrium, periosteum, perineurium, capsules (liver, kidneys, spleen) and fascia
Cartilage: General: * chondrocytes in lacunae
* matrix (chondroitin sulfate) with fibers
Cartilage: Name the types: Three types:
1. Hyaline cartilage
2. Elastic cartilage
3. Fibrocartilage
Hyaline Cartilage: General: * closely packed collagen fibers in matrix
* flexible support
* reduces friction/absorb shock
* most abundant cartilage in body
Hyaline Cartilage: Location: 1. skeleton of embryo
2. costal cartilages
3. articular cartilages
4. tracheal rings
5. parts of larynx
Elastic Cartilage: General: * matrix is a network of ELASTIC and collagen fibers
* firm, but resilient and flexible
Elastic Cartilage: Locations: 1. auricle
2. epiglottis and other parts of larynx
3. auditory tube
Fibrocartilage: General: * matrix coarse with thick, collagen fibers in PARALLEL bundles
* resists compression, absorbs shock and prevents bone-bone damage
Fibrocartilage: Locations: 1. intervertebral discs
2. articular discs (menisci/pubic symphysis/shoulder/TMJ)
Bone: * osteoblasts/osteocytes (in lacunae)
* 1/3 matrix is collagen fibers ( in which salts are deposited)
* vascular
* supports, protects, stores minerals, forms blood cells and stores fat

Location: skeleton
Blood: * cells (RBC/WBC)
* matrix (plasma)
* transports substances
* protection (immunity/clotting)

Location: heart and blood vessels
Muscle Tissue: * specialized to contract and therefore produce MOVEMENT
* three types:
1. smooth muscle
2. skeletal muscle
3. cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle: * spindle shaped, small cells, central, single nucleus
Location:
1. walls of hollow organs
2. walls of ducts
3. walls of blood vessels
Skeletal muscle: * large cells, multinucleate, striated, peripheral nuclei

Location: attached to skeleton
cardiac muscle: General & Location: * cells with single nuclei, intercalated discs, striations, and branching

Location: heart only
Nervous tissue: General & Location: * cells specialized to receive/transmit impulses
* logest cells in body
* most no mitosis
Location: mostly brain and spinal cord
Nervous Tissue: Name the cell types: two cell types:
1. neurons - conduct impulses
2. neuroglia - various support cells
Integumentary System: General: * aka cutaneous membrane/ skin
* accessory structures: hairs, nails, and glands
* largest, most versatile organ of body
* 0.5-4 mm in thickness
* 6 lbs
* 7 x 3 square foot area
* covers body
Integumentary System: Functions: 1. protection
2. contains receptors
3. helps regulate body temperature
4. synthesis of vitamin D
5. excretes water/salts/organic wastes
Integumentary System: Layers: 2 layers:
1. epidermis (surface)
2. dermis (deep)
Epidermis: * outer
* stratified squamous epithelium
* avascular
* 4 layers (strata)
(5 palms/soles)
Stratum basale: * aka germinativum
* next to dermis
* deepest stratum
* firmly attached to basement membrane
* 1 row of cuboidal/columnar shaped cells
* keratinocytes (stem cells/mitosis)
* melanocytes (melanin)
stratum spinosum: * 8-10 rows
* flat, spiny, polyhedral cells
* may be mitosis
stratum granulosum: * 3-5 rows
* grainy layer
* no mitosis
* produce keratohyalin granules
* cell membrane becoming thicker, less permeable
* nucleus breaking down
* cells dying
stratum lucidum: * 3-5 rows
* clear layer flattened cells/anucleate
* contain ELEIDIN
stratum corneum (horny): * 25-30 rows
* flat cells
* nuclei and organelles disintegrate
* dead cells
* KERATIN inside cell membranes (keratinized)
* creates protective barrier
* shed continuously (15-30 days from stratum basale until shed)
Dermis: components: two components:

1. papillary layer
(directly under epidermis)
2. reticular layer
(under papillary)
Papillary layer: * areolar connective tissue with fibroblasts, fat cells and macrophages
* capillaries and nerves
* dermal papillae project between epidermal ridges
reticular layer: * dense irregular connective tissue
* attached to subcutaneous tissue
* collagen, reticular and elastic fibers
* collagen fibers anchor to papillary layer and hypodermis
* contains blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands
* leather
skin color: * melanin
* carotene
* hemoglobin
* number of melanocytes rather constant
* distribution of melanocytes / amouont of nelanin produced variable
Accessory Structures: * epidermal derivatives
* hairs
* nails
* sudoriferous glands (sweat/eccrine)
* sebaceous glands (oil)
* ceruminous glands
Effects of Aging on Skin Part 1: * epidermis/dermis become thinner
* number of collagen fibers decrease
* elastic fibers lose elasticity
* fibroblasts decrease in number
* macrophages become less phagocytic
* hair and nails grow more slowly
* decrease in size of sebaceous glands
Effects of Aging on Skin Part 2: * decrease in function of sweat glands
* decrease number of melanocytes
* increase size of some melanocytes
* decrese blood supply
* loss of subcutaneous fat
* vitamin D production declines
* skin = thin, dry, wrinkled, spots, white hair

Start Studying!

Deck Info

Number of cards 99