Pathology test 1
Terms
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- Pouch or sac like opening in the bowel?
- Traction Diverticulum
- Usually in terminal ileum, chronic inflammatory bowel disorder most common in young adults?
- Crohn's Disease
- Open tract between the esophagus and the trachea, usually found in newborns and radiation therapy patients.
- Tracheosophageal Fistula
- Dilated veins in the esophagus
- Esophageal Varices
- A portion of the stomach pushes through the esophageal hiatus
- Hiatal Hernia
- inflammation of the mucosa of the stomach
- Gastritis
- crater in the epithelium of the duodenum
- Duodenal Ulcer
- erosion of the stomach epithelium
- Gastric Ulcer
- cancer of the stomach
- Gastric carcinoma
- obstructed bowel, adynamic, paralitic, volvulus, and intussusception.
- small bowel obstruction
- telescoping of one part of the intestinal tract
- intussusception
- inflammatory bowel disease often seen in young adults. Unknown cause. Involves only mucosal layer of colon.
- Ulcerative Colitis
- large number or out-pouching in weakened area of bowels
- Diverticulosis
- cancer of the rectum. Applecore, napkinring
- carcinoma of colon
- Gallstones
- Calculi in the Gallbladder
- accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity
- Ascites
- Free air in the peritoneal cavity
- pneumoperitoneum
- difference in tissue between tissue and organs?
- subject contrast
- Creatinine and BUN levels?
-
Creatinine- .6-1.5
BUN- 8-25 - kidney stones
- Nephrolithiasis
- Kidney drops more than 5cm from supine to AP
- Nephroptosis
- Urine in blood
- Uremia
- What is ureterolithiasis?
- stone in ureter
- What is Hydronephrosis?
- obstruction of kidney
- What is Ureterostenosis?
- narrowing of ureter
- What is nephritis?
- inflammation of kidney
- What is urinary retention?
- retain urine
- What is UTI?
- Urinary Tract Infection
- What is Renal Hypertension?
- Hyertension due to renal disease
- What is VCUG?
- Voiding Cystourethrogram
- What is lithotripsy?
- using energy waves to break down stones
- What is nephrectomy
- surgical removal of kidney
-
How much urine is produced a day?
It is a waste product of what? -
1 to 2 liters
metabolism - The 2 ureters convey urine from where to where?
- kidneys to bladder
- Ther Urethra conveys urine from where to where?
- urinary bladder to the exterior
- ____________ are above and upon the kidney and are part of the endocrine system.
- Adrenals
- What is renal parenchyma?
- functional part of kidney (nephrons 1.25-1.5 million in kidney)
- What is glomerualr filtrate?
- Filtrate removed by glomerulus in bowman's capsule.
- What percent of the filtrate becomes urine?
- less than 1%
- An increased level of nitrogenous waste such as urea and creatinine can cause the patient to suffer from?
- Uremia
- Medullary substance of the kidney is formed by what?
- renal pyramid
- Minor calyx gather to form?
- Major
- The microscopic portion of the renal parenchyma is the?
- Nephron
- Trigone is a portion of the?
- bladder
- Where are the UP junctions?
- renal pelvis becomes ureter
- Where are the UV junctions?
- where ureter becomes bladder
- Where are the 3 common places for renal stones to stop?
- UP, UV, Pelvic Brim
- Why do you do 30 degree oblique kidneys?
- kidneys 30 degrees to coronal plane
- With the patient in a 30 degree RPO which kidney is parallel to the IR?
- Left
- The kidneys normally extend from the level of _______ to _______.
- T-12, L-3
- If it is a hyperstehnic patient where will the kidneys be? Astehnic?
- Higher, lower
- The right kidney is higher or lower than the left? Why?
- lower, the liver
- the kidney moves about how much with respiration?
- 2.5 cm/ inch
- From recumbent to erect the kidneys should move no more than how many inches? Anymore than this is considered what?
- 5 inches, Nephroptosis
- A renal column is what portion of the cortex?
- cortex between pyramids
- Are the ureters within or outside of the peritoneum?
- retroperitoneal
- The adult bladder can hold how much fluid?
- 500 ml
- the desire for micturition occurs when how much urine is in the bladder?
- 250 ml
- Where does the ureters enter the bladder? Where does the Urethra exit the bladder?
- trigone, trigone
- The male urethra passes through the __________ glande which is portion of the reproductive system.
- prostate
- What is antegrade filling in a normal exam?
- normal flow
- What is retrograde filling in a urinary exam?
- against the flow
- What is an IVU/XU?
- Intravenous Urogram/ Excretory Urogram
- Is an IVU a functional exam?
- yes
- Would any retrograde urography be considered a functional exam?
- no
-
Why use ureteral compression?
When should it not be used? -
Keep contrast in kidney
if there is a stone or colostomy - Why do an upright post void?
- nephroptosis, retention, fallen trigone
- The greatest concentration of contrast media in the kidney occurs when?
- Between 15 minutes and 20 minutes
-
what can acute vascular injury result in?
What do they mean? -
Anoxia and Hypoxia
Anoxia- lack of oxygen
Hypoxia- Iadequate oxygen at the cellular level - A mass of coagulated blood or a clot
- Thrombosis
- any obstruction of a blood vessel by any means?
- Embolus
- Progressive wasting away of any body part?
- Chronic Injury/Atrophy
- What causes acromegaly?
- Pituitary Adenoma
- What can achondroplasias and dyschondroplaisas cause?
- Dwarfism
- increase in number of cells that can lead to a neoplasm?
- Hyperplaisa
- Palmar means?
- Volar
- What is plantar?
- Sole of foot
- What does dorsum pedis mean?
- top of foot
- What does the bony throax contain?
- T-Spine, Ribs, Sternum
- What are the divisions of the respiratory system?
- pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Brocnhi
- What are the divisions of the pharynx?
- nasopharynx, oropharynx, Larynopharynx
- What keeps food from going into the larynx?
- epiglottis, vocal cords
-
Where does the trachea go from (vertebrae)?
Where does it bifurcate at? -
C6-T4 T5
Carina -
The rt lung has how many lobes?
Lt - 3, 2
- Larynx is in the anterior or posterior neck?
- Anterior
- The Larynx is suspended by what bone?
- Hyoid
- The trachea is anterior or posterior to the esophagus?
- Anterior
- What are subtractive diseases?
- Early lung abcess, emphysema, pnemothorax
- The bifurcation of the trachea is at what level?
- T4-T5
- The lungs are covered by the serous membrane called?
- visceral pleura
- anything that enters or exits in a pt or depression?
- hilus
- primary muscle of respiration
- diaphragm
- The esophagus is anterior or posterior to the desending aorta?
- anterior
-
The manubrium is at what level?
The body of the sternum forms the sternal angle at what level?
The xiphoid is at what level? -
T2/T3
T4/T5
T/10 - The SC Joint is at what level?
- T2-T3
-
The anterior end of the rib is called what portion?
The posterior end of the rib is called what portion? -
Sternal
Vertebral - All ribs have costocartilage except which ones?
- 11th and 12th
- The space between the ribs is termed what?
- intercostal space
- The joint between the rib head and the spine is what?
- Costovertebral joint
-
There are how many pairs of costovertebral?
Costotransverse? -
12
10 -
The first 7 ribs are termed what?
8, 9, 10?
11, 12? -
true or vertebrosternal
Vertebrochondral
or false
Floating or false