Cells and Tissues
Terms
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- Name the three main regions in a generalized cell
- nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane
- what is the function of the cell's nucleus?
- the nucleus contains the genetic material for the cell.
- nuclear membrane
- the double barrier between the nucleus and the rest of thte cell
- where are the ribosomes assembled within the cell?
- nucleoli
- what is chromatin composed of?
- DNA and protein
- a transparent barrier that separates the cell contents from the environment
- plasma membrane
- what part of the cell consists of a double layer of lipids in which protein molecules float?
- the plasma membrane
- what are the two polar heads of the plasma membrane's phospholipid molecules?
- hydophilic (water-loving) and hydrophobic (water-hating)
- the tiny finger-like projections that are a specialization in some plasma membranes
- microvilli
- name the three types of membrane junctions
- tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions
- _________ are impermeable junctions that bind cells together into leakproof sheets.
- tight junctions
- ____ are anchoring junctions that prevent cells subject to mechanical stress from being pulled apart.
- desmosomes
- ______ allow communication between cells.
- gap junctions
- The cytoplasm is the cellular material outside the ____ and inside the _____.
- nucleus, plasma membrane
- what are the three major elements of the cytoplasm?
- cytosol, organelles, inclusions
- Where are the mitochondria located, and what is their function?
- In the cytosol; enzymes in the mitochondria carry out the reactions in which oxygen is used to break down food.
- Sites of protein synthesis within the cell
- ribosomes
- endoplasmic reticulum
- a system of fluid-filled cisterns that serve as a minicirculatory system for the cell.
- describe the forms of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
-
rough ER is studded with ribosomes; all the building materials of cellular membranes are formed either in it or on it
smooth ER functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs - what is the major function of the Golgi apparatus?
- to modify and package proteins
- which of the cell organelles digests worn-out cell structure and foreign bodies within the cell?
- lysosomes
- membranous sacs containing powerful enzymes that detoxify alcohol and disarm free radicals
- peroxisomes
- what are free radicals?
- highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons that can scramble the structure of proteins and nucleic acids
- How do he peroxisomes disarm free radicals?
- they convert free radicals to H2O2, then the enzyme catalase converts excess H2O2 to water
- The ____ forms the internal framework for the cell and provides the machinery needed for intracellular transport.
- cytoskeleton
- During cell division, the ______ direct the formation of the mitotic spindle.
- centrioles
- cell that carries oxygen to the bloodstream
- erythrocyte (red blood cell)
- fibroblast
- cell that connects body parts
- epithelial cell
- covers and lines body organs
- cells that move body parts
- skeletal and smooth muscle cells
- fat cells
- store nutrients
- disease-fighting cell
- macrophage cell
- nerve cell
- gathers information and controls body functions
- female egg cell
- oocyte
- male reproductive cell
- sperm
- homogeneous mixture of two or more components
- solution
- the substance present in the largest amount in a solution
- solvent
- substances present in smaller amounts in a solution
- solutes
- what is selective permeability?
- allowing some substances to pass through while excluding others
- Diffusion and filtration are ____ _____ processes.
- passive transport
- simple diffusion
- the unassisted diffusion of solutes through the plasma membrane
- diffusion of water through the membrane
- osmosis
- facilitated diffusion
- molecules too large or fat-insoluble use a protein "carrier" to assist them through the membrane
- the process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure
- filtration
- How is solute pumping similar to facilitated diffusion? How is it different?
- both require protein carriers; facilitated diffusion is driven by kinetic energy of the diffusion molecules, while solute pumping uses ATP to energize its protein carriers
- What are the two types of bulk transport?
- exocytosis and endocytosis
- ____ moves substances out of the cell, while ______ moves substances into the cell.
- exocytosis, enocytosis
- groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
- tissues
- the lining, covering and glandular tissue
- epithelium
- What are the functions of the epithelium?
- protection, filtration, absorption, and secretion
- apical surface
- the unattached edge of an epithelial membrane, exposed to either the body's exterior or to the internal cavity of an organ
- avascular
- having no blood supply of its own
- The lower surface of the epithelium is bound by a ________ ________.
- basement membrane
- The classifications by cell layers are ______ epithelium and ______ epithelium.
- simple, stratified
- The shape of tissue cells are either ______, ________, or _________.
- squamous, cuboidal, columnar
- this type of epithelium usually forms membranes where filtration or exchange of substances by rapid diffusion occurs
- simple squamous
- this tissue forms the walls of the kidney tubules and the surface of the ovaries
- simple cuboidal
- this tissue makes up the mucous membranes
- simple columnar
- this tissue has cells of different heights, giving it a stratified appearance
- pseudostratified columnar
- all the transitional epithelium is localed in the _____ system.
- urinary
- The most common stratified epithelium in the body
- stratified squamous
- Both stratified ______ and stratified _____ epithelia are rare in the body.
- cuboidal, columnar
- what are the two glandular epithelium?
- endocrine glands and exocrine glands
- examples include thyroid, adrenals and pituitary
- endocrine glands
- sweat and oil glands are ______ glands.
- exocrine
- the most abundant and widely distributed tissue type in the body
- connective tissue
- name three characteristics of connective tissue
- binds body tissues together, supports the body, provides protection
- Because tendons are ______ they tend to heal _______.
- avascular, slowly
- Because of its ______ _______, connective tissue can withstand stretching and bear weight.
- extracellular matrix
- Connective tissues are primarily involved in _______, ______, and _______ ________ other body tissues.
- supporting, protecting, binding together
- Non-living material that surrounds living cells
- extracellular matrix
- name the five classes of connective tissue
- bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue, loose connective tissue, blood
- the cartilage that forms the supporting structures of the larynx, and covers the ends of the bones where they form joints
- hyaline cartilage
- the disks between he vertebrae of the spinal column
- fibrocartilage
- Tendons and ligaments are forms of _______ ________ tissue.
- dense connective
- three types of loose connective tissue
- areolar, adipose, and reticular connective tissues
- Edema is a condition of the ____ _____, where the area becomes swollen.
- areolar tissue
- commonly called fat
- adipose tissue
- Adipose tissue forms the ______ tissue beneath the skin.
- subcutaneous
- tissue that forms the stroma
- reticular connective tissue
- vascular tissue
- blood
- Vascular tissue consists of ______ _____, surrounded by ______ ________.
- blood cells, blood plasma
- the three types of muscle tissue
- smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle
- The muscular system is composed of ______ ______.
- skeletal muscle
- the two major functions of nervous tissue
- irritability, conductivity
- Tissue is repaired in what two ways?
- regeneration, fibrosis
- replacement of destroyed tissues by the same kind of cells
- regeneration
- fibrosis
- scar tissue
- The type of tissue repair that occurs depends on:
- the type of tissue damaged, and the severity of the injury