body parts and areas
Terms
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- axillary
- armpit
- brachial
- upper arm
- buccal, (oral)
- mouth
- cardiac
- heart
- cervical
- neck
- cranial
- head
- cutaneous
- skin
- deltoid
- shoulder
- femoral
- thigh
- frontal
- forehead
- gastric
- stomach
- gluteal
- buttocks
- hepatic
- liver
- iliac
- hip
- inguinal
- groin
- lumbar
- spine
- mammary
- breast
- nasal
- nose
- occipital
- back of head
- orbital
- eye
- parietal
- crown of head
- patellar
- kneecap
- pectoral
- chest
- perineal
- pelvic floor
- plantar
- sole of foot
- popliteal
- back of knee
- pulmonary
- lungs
- renal
- kidney
- sacral
- base of spine
- temporal
- side of head
- umbilical
- naval
- volar (palmar)
- palm
- anatomy
- is the study of body structure
- physiology
- is the study of how the body functions
- pathophysiology
- is the study of disorders of functioning
-
Levels of Organization
there are 5, 6 sorta -
1. chemical level
2. cellular level
3. tissue level
4. organ level
5. organ system level
6. organism level - chemicals make up the body there are 2 categories?
-
Inorganic
organic - inorganic chemicals
- are usually simple molecules made of one or two elements other than carbon (with a few exceptions)
- examples of inorganic chemicals
- water h2o, oxygen o2, carbon dioxide co2, and minerals such as iron calcium and sodium
- organic chemicals
- are often very complex and always contain hydrogen
- eexamples of organic chemicals
- carbs, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids
- cells
- the smallest living units of structure and function
- tissues
- is a group of cells with similar structure and funtion there are 4 groups
- the 4 groups of tissues are
-
epithelial tissues
connective tissues
muscles tissues
nerve tissues - epithilial tissues
- cover or line the body surfaces,, examples are the outer layer of skin, and sweat glands.. internal epithelial tissues include the walls of capillaries and the kidney tubules
- connective tissues
- connect and support parts of the body, some transport or store materials,, examples are blood, bone carilage and adipose tissue
- muscle tissue
- specialized for contraction, brings about movement, skelatal muscles and the heart are examples,,smooth muscles are found in organs such as the urinary bladder and stomach.
- nerve tissue
- specialized to generate and transmit electrochemical impulses that regulate body functions the brain and the optic nerve are examples
- organs
- is a group of tissues precisely arranged so as to accomplish specific functions examples are kidneys liver lungs and stomach
- organ systems
- is a group of organs that all contribute to a particular function examples are urinary system, digestive system, and respiratory system
- the 11 organ systems are
-
1. integumentary
2. skeletal
3. muscular
4. nervous
5. endocrine
6. circulatory
7. lympatic
8. respiratory
9. digestive
10. urinary
11. reproductive - integumentary
-
functions: is a brrier to pathogens and chemicals,,,, prevents excessice water loss
examples: skin, hair, subcutaeous tissue - skeletal
-
functions: supports the body, protects internal organs, provides a framework to be moved by muscles
examples: bones ligaments - muscular
-
fuctions: moves the skeleton, produces heat
examples: muscles, tendons - nervous
-
functions: interprets sensory information, regulates body functions such as movement by means of electrochemical impulses,
examples: brain, nerves, eyes, ears - endocrine
-
functions: regulates body functions by means of hormones,
examples: thyroid gland pituitary gland, - circulatory
-
functions: transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removes waste products
examples: heart blood and arteries - lymphatic
-
functions: returns tissue fluid to the blood, destroys pathogens that enter the body,
examples: spleen lymph nodes - respiratory
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functions: exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood.
examples: lungs, trachea, larynx - digestive
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functions: changes food to simple chemicals that can be absorbed and used by the body
examples: stomach, colon, liver - urinary
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funtions: removes waste products from the blood, regulates volume and ph of blood
examples: kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra - reproductive
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functions: produces eggs or sperm, in women provides a site for the developing embryo-fetus,
examples: female-ovaries, uterus, male-testes, prostate gland - homeostasis
- reflects the ability of the body to maintain relative stability and to function normally dispite constant changes
- negative feedback
- which the body's response reverses the stimulus
- positive feedback
- the response to the stimulus does not stop or reverse the stimulus but insteadkeeps the sequence of eventsgoing
- anatomic position
- standing upright facing forward arms at the sides with palms forward and feet slightly apart
- body cavities
-
dorsal cavity
ventral cavity
cranial cavity
spinal cavity
thoracic cavity
abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity - dorsal cavity
- the dorsal cavity contains the central nervous system, and consists of the cranial cavity and the vertibral or spinal cavity
- cranial cavity
- the cranial cavity is formed by the skull and contains the brain
- spinal cavity
- is formed by the backbone(spine) and contains the spinal cord
- meninges
- the membrane that lines the spinal and cranial cavities and cover the brain and spinal cord
- ventral cavity
- consists of 2 compartments, the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity seperated by the diaphram
- diaphram
- is a large domeshaped respiratory muscles is the wall between the thoracic and abdominal cavities
- thoracic cavity
- contains the heart and lungs the membranes of this cavity are serous membrased called pleural membranes
- plueral membranes
- the membranes of the thoracic cavity and serous membranes, the parietal pleura lines the chest wall and the visceral pleura covers the lungs. the heart has its own set of serous membranes
- pericardial membranes
- the heart lining, the parietal pericardium lines the fibrous pericardial sac and the visceral pericardium covers the heart muscle
- abdominal cavity
- includes the liver stomach and intestines the membranes of the abdominal cavity are also serous membranes called the peritoneum and mesentery
- peritoneum
- is the membrane that lines the entire abdominal wall
- mesentery
- is the continuation of peritoneum folded around and covering the outer surfaces of the abdominal organs
- pelvic cavity
- is inferior to the abdominal cavity, contains the urinary bladder and reproductive organs such as the uterus in women and prastate gland in men
- sectioned
- cut
- plane
- is an imaginary flat surface that seperates two portions of the body or an organ
- frontal (coronal) section
- a plane from side to side seperates the body into front and back portions
- sagittal section
- a plane from fron to back separates the body into right and left portions a midsagittal section creates equal right and left halves
- transverse section
- a horizontal plane separates te body into upper and lower portions
- cross-section
- a plane perpendicular to the long axis of an organ, a crosssection of the small intestince would look like a circle with the cavity of the intestine in the center
- longitudinal section
- a plane along the axis of an organ,
- quadrants
- a transverse plane and a midsagittal plane that cross at the umbilicus divides the abdomen into 4 quadrants
- nine areas,, 2 transverse planes and 2 sagittal planes divide the abdomen into 9 areas what are they?
- right hypochondriac, epigastric region, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric region, left iliac