ICC - Psychology Chapter 3
Terms
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- The complex mass of neural cells and related cells encased in the skull.
- Brain
- The nerve fibers in the spinal column.
- Spinal cord
- An individual nerve cell
- Neuron
- Scientist who discovered neurons in the early 1900's.
- Ramon y Cajal
- The central part of the nerve cell that contains the nucleus or the cell's control center.
- Cell Body
- Small branches that extend out from the cell body and receive messages from other neurons.
- Dendrites
- Small branches at the end of the cell body that send, transmit, or carry away messages to the next neuron
- Axons
- A brief electrical signal that travels the length of the axon.
- Action potential
- Small space between two neurons.
- Synaptic gap
- Chemical substance, produced by axons, that transmit messages across the synapse
- Neurotransmitters
- Tiny vessels containing stored quantities of the neurtranmitter substance held in the synaptic knobs of the axon.
- Synaptic vesicles
- Knoblike tips of axons
- Synaptic knobs
- There are as many as __________ different neurotranmitters.
- 50
- Made of the brain and the spinal cord.
- Central Nervous System
- Made up of nerves that branch from the brain and spinal cord to all parts of the body
- Peripheral Nervous system
- Neurons that transmit messages from sense organs to the central nervous system
- afferent neurons
- Neurons that transmit messages from the central nervous system to organs and muscles.
- Efferent Neurons
- The peripheral nervous system is further divided into the _________ and _______ nervous system.
- Somatic and Autonomic nervous system
- Autonomic nervous system is divided into the __________ and the ________ division.
- Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
- "Calms" visceral organs after arousal.
- Parasympathetic
- Activates visceral organs during emotional arousal or when physical demands are made on the body.
- Sympathetic
- Uses electrodes to record electrical activity of the brain
- Electroencephalogram (EEG)
- Produces x-ray images
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
- Detects magnetic activity form the nuclei of atoms in the cells and creates detailed views of the brain structure and function.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- Lowest part of the brain located at the rear base of the skull.
- Hindbrain
- Small area at top of the hindbrain that serves primarily as a center for postural reflexes, particularly those associated senses.
- Midbrain
- Covers the hindbrain and midbrain and fill much of the skull.
- Forebrain
- The part of the forebrain that primarily routes sensory messages to appropriate parts of the brain.
- Thalamus
- Small part of the forebrain involved with motives, emotions, and the functions of the autonomic nervous system
- Hypothalamus
- Part of the brain that works with the hupothalamus in emotional arousal.
- Limbic System
- Part of the limbic system that plays a role in emotional arousal and memory.
- Hippocampus
- Largest structure in the forebrain
- cerebral Cortex
- Part of skull behind forehead and extend back to middle of top of head.
- Frontal
- Located just behind frontal lobes at top of skull
- Parietal Lobes
- Extend backward from the ares of temples
- Temporal lobes
- Located at base of back of head, fartherest from eyes but its most important function is in processing sensory information from the eyes
- Occipital lobes
- Two halves of the cerbral cortex.
- Right and Left Cerbral Hemispheres
- The right hemisphere primarly controls the _____ side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls the _____ side of body.
- left; right
- Appears to be more involved in processing information about shapes and locations of thing in space.
- Right Hemisphere
- More involved in language?
- Left Hemisphere
- Left hemisphere is more involved with _______ emotions and the right is more involved with _____ emotions. (negative or positive)
- positive; negative
- The ability of parts of the brain to acquire new functions that replace the functions of a damaged part of the brain.
- Plasticity
- The system of glands that secrets hormones
- endocrine system
- Structures in the body that secrete substances
- glands
- Chemical substances, produced by endocrine glands, the influence internal glands.
- hormones
- Sequences of base pairs that contain all the information needed to influence some aspect of a structure or function of the body
- Genes
- strands of DNA in cells
- Chromosomes
- The uniting of sperm and ovum, which produces a zygote.
- fertilization
- The stable cell resulting from fertilization
- zygote
- A sex cell, which contains 23 Chromosomes instead of the normal 46.
- Gamete
- How many chromosomes does the normal cell have?
- 46
- In Down Syndromes, there is a problem with the ______ chromosome.
- 21
- Twins formeed from a single ovum.
- monozygotic twins
- Twins formed from the fertilization of two ova by two sperm.
- Dizygotic Twins