Human Phys Lab Quiz I
Terms
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- amphipathic
- having polar and nonpolar regions
- equilibrium potential
- the electrical potential necessary to balance an ionic concentration gradient across a membrane so the net flux of that ion is zero
- 95% confidence intervals
- if the ________ overlap, the groups aren't different from each other (they belong to the same pop.)
- photoreceptors
- light receptors that convert light energy into a neural signal that is relayed to the CNS
- contralateral reflex
- when a stimulus occurs on one side of the body and the reflex action occurs on the opposite side of the stimulus
- correlation analysis
- a measure of association between two variables; assumes no cause-and-effect relationship between the variables and attempts to find possible correlates, uses r, use word: association!
- cornea
- transparaent structure covering the front of the eye; helps focus an object's image on the retina, helps with the coarse focusing of light rays as they enter the eye
- measures of central tendency
- describe how a set of observations estimate/are centered around a true population parameter (ex. mean)
- measures of dispersion
- range, variance, standard deviation, and standard error (they describe the amount of variation about the mean)
- visual angle
- as an image moves farther from the eye and becomes smaller, the ______ becomes smaller till the image can no longer be seen
- tympanic membrane
- eardrum; membrane stretched across end of ear canal
- myopia
- nearsightedness
- autonomic nervous system reflexes
- assist in regulating the activity of almost all physiological systems (ex. the endocrine system)
- Weber's test
- tells us there is conduction damage due to cochlea damage or due to middle ear damage but doesn't distinguish between the two
- hyperopia
- farsightedness, eyeball is too short, images of near objects converge behind the retina
- regression analysis
- to determine the value of parameters for a function that causes the function to best fit a set of data observations that are provided; determines if there's a cause and effect relationship, determine the nature of the relationship w/ an eq., evaluate how accurately the mathematical eq. defines the relationship with r^2
- absolute refractory period
- duration of time following an action potential during which a 2nd one can't be generated no matter how strong the stimulus
- effector
- a change in the ________ constitutes the response of the feedback system
- diopters
- the refractive power of a lens is measured in __________ (1/focal length in m)
- subthreshold
- _____ stimulus doesn't depolarize cell enough to generate an action potential
- sclera
- outermost layer of the eye
- visual acuity
- the ability of the lens of the eye to bend or refract light to focus an image on the retina
- length of the eyeball
- the cornea, lens shape, and ____________ determine the point where light rays converge
- lucus, malleus, and stapes
- three bones in the middle ear that transmit movements of hte tympanic membrane to the inner ear
- t-test
- used to compare the means of two populations/distributions
- afferent pathway
- in reflex arc, transmits info from receptor->integrating center
- concave lens
- corrects myopia, the focal point of light rays entering the lens occurs in front of the lens, (-)
- transduction
- process by which stimulus energy is transformed into a response
- cones
- color photoreceptors, need more light energy to become excited
- suprathreshold
- any stimulus greater than the threshold voltage
- compound action potential
- sum of all action potentials occurring within individual axons at a given point along a nerve, varies w/ the # of axons within the nerve that are generating action potentials
- positive feedback
- the physiological responses are in the same direction as the original stimulus
- negative feedback
- induces changes that are opposite from the initial stimulus or disturbance in homeostasis
- reflex
- involuntary and sterotypic response to a stimulus that serves in the maintenance of homeostatis
- reflex arc
- sensory receptors->sensory/afferent neurons->synapses/integrating center->motor/efferent neurons->effector
- efferent pathway
- in reflex arc, transmits info from integrating center->effector
- hair cells
- mechanoreceptors (sensory receptors) in the ear
- potassium
- extra-cellular fluid surrounding the hair cells of the cochlea contains a higher concentration of __________ than the intracelular fluid
- lens
- performs the fine focusing of light rays, helps focus an object's image on the retina
- convex lens
- corrects hyperopia, the focal point of light rays entering the lens occurs behind the lens, (+)
- depolarization
- changement of the membrane potential value toward zero so the cell interior becomes less negative than resting level
- rarefaction
- where molecules are further apart and pressure is decreased
- polysynaptic reflex arcs
- include interneurons in the integration center between the sensory and motor neurons
- ipsilateral reflex
- when a stimulus occurs on one side of the body and the reflex action occurs on the same side of the stimulus
- fovea centralis
- area of highest visual acuity and contains the highest concentration of cones
- ANOVA
- like a t-test but is used to statistically compare more than two groups
- skeletal muscles
- the effectors of somatic reflexes; are usually under voluntary control
- presbyopia
- the condition where the eye exhibits a progressively diminished ability to focus on near objects with age
- frequency!
- # cycles per second
- compression
- where molecules are cloes together and pressure is increased
- unlearned response
- any response that you haven't previously learned
- ions
- reqiure a protein channel to passively diffuse across the nonpolar region of the plasma membrane
- nearsightedness
- eyeball is too long, images of objects coverge in front of the retina
- reciprocal inhibition
- muscles on one side of a joint relaxing to accommodate contraction on the opposite side of that joint
- blind spot
- sightless area within the visual field of a normal eye, caused by absence of light-sensitive photoreceptors where the optic nerve enters the eye
- cochlea
- inner-ear, fluid-filled spiral-shaped structure
- frequency
- ________ is responsible for the pitch of sound
- external auditory canal
- outer canal of the ear
- retina
- thin layer of tissue lining the back of the eyeball, contains sensory receptors for vision
- optic disc
- region of the retina where neurons to the brain exit the eye, lacks photoreceptors
- monosynaptic reflex
- reflexes which lack interneurons (and have only one synapse in the spinal cord), only seen in stretch reflexes
- accomodation
- adjustment of eye for viewing various distances by changing lens shape
- stereocilia
- nonmotile cilia, in hair cells, bend in response to the transmission of sound waves
- amplitude
- ________ is responsibble for the loudness of sound
- relative refractory period
- second action potential may be generated, but it requires a stronger stimulus than the one that generated the first action potential
- somatic nervous system
- part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements through skeletal mscles
- integrating center
- receives info. from my diff. types of sensors and relays info to the effector
- action potential
- an all-or-none depolarization of membrane polarity; has a threshold and refractory period and is conducted w/o decrement
- sensor
- detecs a change in the internal/external environment
- rods
- photorceptors with low-light perception, are used in black and white vision
- infinite distance
- at the ________ (around 20 ft), light rays entering the ey from an object are parallel and are naturally focused on the fovea centralis while the lens is in its relaxed state
- modality
- type of sensory stimulus
- Rinne's test
- tells us there is conduction damage due to cochlea damage or due to middle ear damage and distinguishes between the two
- one-minute arc
- the smallest visual angle that can be seen by the normal eye; a measurement of visual acuity