Human Anatomy by McKinley Ch.1 Vocab
Terms
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- Where did anatomy first become a recognzied discipline?
- Alexandria, Egypt
- Galen of Pergamum
- "Prince of Physicians"
- Vesalius
- promoted the idea of "living anatomy", parts of a whole
- Leonardo da Vinci
- dissected bodies to improve his drawing and painting techniques
- Anatomy
- the study of structure, "to cut up" or "to cut open"
- Physiology
- study of the function of the body structures
- Cytology
- study of the cells of the body and their internal structure
- Histology
- study of tissues formed by cells and cell products
- Developmental anatomy
- study of structural changes in the body between conception and maturation
- Embryology
- study of origin and development of the organism from fertilization of the oocyte until birth
- Pathologic anatomy
- study of characteristic changes that occur during illness
- Radiographic anatomy
- study of anatomic structures or features observed by noninvasive procedures, such as ultrasound or x-ray
- Regional anatomy
- study of gross anatomy of all structures, external and internal, in one region of the body, such as an upper limb
- Surface anatomy
- study of superficial anatomic markings and gross anatomy of internal structures relative to overlying skin surface
- Surgical anatomy
- study of anatomic landmarks used prior to surgery
- Systemic anatomy
- Study of gross anatomy of all the components of an organ system
- Microscopic anatomy
- study of structures not visible to the naked eye, encompasses cytology and histology
- Gross (Macroscopic) anatomy
- study of body strucutres observable by the unaided eye
- What is the simplest level of organization within the body?
- the chemical level, which consists of atoms and molecules
- Tissues
- precise organizations of similar cells that perform specialized functions
- Organs
- different tissue types combine to form an organ that all work together
- Levels of Organization in the Human Body
- Chemical->Cellular->Tissue-> Organ->Organ System->Organismal
- All organisms carry out various chemical reactions, collectively termed __________.
- metabolism
- Homeostasis
- control and regulatory mechanisms within an organism that maintain a consistent internal environment
- Integumentary System
- hair, skin and associated glands, protection and body temperature and water
- Skeletal System
- bones, cartilage, support and protection, blood cell production, body movement
- Muscular System
- muscles, body movement, heat during contraction
- Nervous System
- regulatory system, helps control all other systems, consciousness, intelligence and memory, sensory system
- Endocrine System
- glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones, regulate growth, chemical levels, and reproductive functions
- Cardiovascular System
- a pump (the heart) that moves blood through body delivering nutrients and picking up wastes
- Lymphatic System
- Transports and filters lymph (interstitial fluid) and controls immune response
- Respiratory System
- Exchange gases between blood and air in the lungs
- Digestive System
- Mechanically and chemically digests food products, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste
- Urinary System
- Filters the blood and removes waste, expels urine
- Male and Female Reproductive Systems
- No explanation needed
- anatomic position
- stand upright with the feet parallel and flat on the floor, head is level, eyes forwards, palms forward, thumbs pointing away from body
- coronal plane
- frontal plane, divides anterior (front) from posterior (back) parts
- transverse plane
- cross-sectional plane or horizontal, separates superior (upper) and inferior(lower)
- sagittal plane
- medial plane, separates right and left halves
- oblique plane
- passes through the specimen at an angle
- anterior
- in front of or toward the front surface
- posterior
- in back of or toward the back surface
- dorsal
- at the back side of the human body
- ventral
- at the belly side of the human body
- superior
- toward the head or above
- inferior
- toward feet not head
- caudal
- at the rear or tail end
- cranial
- at the head end
- medial
- toward the midline of the body (sagittal plane)
- lateral
- away from the midline of the body (sagittal plane)
- deep
- on the inside
- superficial
- on the outside
- proximal
- closet to point of attachment to trunk
- distal
- furthest from point of attachment to trunk
- axial region
- includes the head, neck, and trunk
- appendicular region
- our limbs, or appendages
- parietal layer
- lines the internal surface of the body wall
- visceral layer
- covers the external surface of organs (viscera) within the cavity
- cranial cavity
- formed by the cranium and houses the brain
- vertebral canal
- formed by the individual bones of the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord
- diaphragm
- separates the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
- serous fluid
- reduce friction and helps organs move smoothly against both one another and the body wall
- Human Body Regions
- see page 14 for chart
- Posterior aspect
- contains the cranial cavity and vertebral canal
- Ventral cavity
- contains the Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
- Thoracic cavity
- contains the Mediastinum, Pleural caivty, and Pericardial cavity
- Abdominopelvic cavity
- contains the Abdominal and Pelvic cavities
- Mediastinum
- contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart
- Pericardial (associated with heart)
- Pericardial membranes
- Pleural (associated with lungs)
- Pleural membranes
- Abdominal
- Peritoneal membranes
- Pelvic
- Peritoneal membranes
- Abdominopelvic regions and quadrants
- see page 17 for pictures