Tissue Level of Organization, Chap 4, Frederic Martini, 7ed.
Terms
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- What are the 4 basic types of tissues?
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1) Epithelial
2) Connective
3) Muscle
4) Nervous - How is epithelial tissue classified?
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1) By # of cell layers
2) By cell shape - What are the 5 major characteristics of epithelial tissue?
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1) Avascularity
2) Polarity
3) Cellularity
4) Attachment
5) Regeneration - Approximately how many types of cells are there in the human body?
- 200
- What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
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1) Provide physical protection
2) Control permeability
3) Provide sensation
4) Produce specialized secretions (gland cells) - What type of epithelium is found where mechanical & chemical stresses are common?
- Stratified squamous
- Where would you find simple columnar epithelium?
- Lining the small intestine
- Where would you find keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
- On exposed body surfaces
- What are the 4 types of membranes?
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1) Mucous
2) Serous
3) Synovial
4) Cutaneous - What 3 things is the matrix of all CT made of?
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1) Ground substance
2) Cells
3) Extracellular fibers - Name the cells that are present in CT Proper.
- Fibroblasts, Adipocytes, Mast cells, Macrophages, Microphages, Lymphocytes, Mesenchymal cells, Melanocytes
- What are the 3 types of CT fibers?
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1) Collagen
2) Elastic
3) Reticular - Which cells coordinate the inflammatory response?
- Mast cells (via histamine & heparin)
- Name the 3 types of Loose CT.
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1) Areolar
2) Adipose
3) Reticular - Name the 3 types of Dense CT.
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1) Dense regular
2) Dense irregular
3) Elastic - What are the 2 types of Fluid CT?
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1) Blood
2) Lymph - What are the 2 types of Supporting CT?
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1) Bone
2) Cartilage - Polarity
- Exposed (apical) & attached (basal) surfaces differ in structure & functions
- Attachment
- Base bound to basal lamina (basement membrane)
- Avascularity
- Lack blood vessels
- Regeneration
- Continuously replaced thru division of stem cells
- Where is epithelial tissue found?
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1) Covers every exposed surface of body
2) Forms surface of skin
3) Lines digestive, respiratory, reproductive, & urinary tracts
4) Lines all passageways to outside world - Structure of typical epithelium
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1) Basal lamina attaches to underlying surface
2) Germinative (stem) cells replace short-lived epithelial cells - What are the 2 components of the basal lamina?
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1) Lamina lucida (layer closer to epithelium)
2) Lamina densa (deeper layer) - Number of cell layers
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1) Simple - one layer
2) Stratified - two or more layers
3) Pseudostratified - only one layer, but looks stratified - What are the specializations of epithelium?
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1) Perform secretory functions
2) Perform transport functions
3) Maintain physical integrity
4) Ciliated epithelia move materials across their surface - What are cell adhesion molecules?
- Transmembrane proteins that interconnect large areas of opposing cell membranes.
- What are 3 factors that help epithelia maintain its integrity?
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1) Intercellular connections
2) Attachment to the basal lamina
3) Epithelial maintenance & repair - Name the types of cell junctions.
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1) Tight junction
2) Gap junction
3) Button desmosome
4) Hemidesmosome - Tight junction
- Prevents diffusion of fluids & solutes between cells
- Desmosomes
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Button --> Ties adjacent cells together
Hemi --> Attaches epithelia to basal lamina
Found: areas that stretch & undergo tension (i.e. skin, heart, uterus) - Gap junction
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Permits free diffusion of ions & small molecules from cell to cell.
Found: areas that require rapid intercellular communication (i.e. heart, smooth muscle, intestines) - What are the 2 types of glandular epithelia?
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Exocrine glands
Endocrine glands - Exocrine glands
- Discharge secretions onto the body surface or into ducts, which communicate with the exterior
- Endocrine glands
- Release hormones into surrounding interstitial fluid
- What are the 3 modes of secretion?
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1) Merocrine
2) Apocrine
3) Holocrine - Merocrine secretion
- Product released through exocytosis (i.e. salivary gland)
- Apocrine secretion
- Involves loss of both product & cytoplasm (i.e. mammary gland)
- Holocrine secretion
- Cell bursts & releases secretion (i.e. sebaceous gland)
- What are the 3 types of secretion?
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1) Serous glands
2) Mucous glands
3) Mixed exocrine glands - Serous glands
- Secrete watery solution that contains enzymes
- Mucous glands
- Secrete mucins that hydrate to form mucus
- Mixed exocrine glands
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1) More than one type of gland cell
2) May produce two different secretions (one serous, one mucous) - What are the functions of CT?
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1) Establishing a structural framework
2) Transporting fluids and dissolved materials
3) Protecting delicate organs
4) Supporting, surrounding & interconnecting tissues
5) Storing energy reserves (fat)
6) Defending the body from microorganisms - Connective tissue contains...
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1) Specialized cells
2) Matrix - Shape of apical surface cells
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1) Squamous (thin & flat)
2) Cuboidal (box-shaped)
3) Columnar (tall, slender, rectangular) - What are the 3 basic types of CT?
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1) Connective tissue proper
2) Fluid connective tissue
3) Supporting connective tissue - Connective Tissue Proper
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1) Contains varied cell populations
2) Contains various fiber types
3) A syrupy ground substance - Fluid Connective Tissue
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1) Contains a distinctive cell population
2) Watery ground substance w/dissolved proteins
3) Two types: blood & lymph - Supporting Connective Tissue
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1) Less diverse cell population
2) Dense ground substance
3) Closely packed fibers
4) Two types: cartilage & bone - The functions of CT Proper cells
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1) Fibroblasts (makes protein in form of fibers)
2) Macrophage (large cell that eats bacteria)
3) Adipocytes (for enery & padding)
4) Mesenchymal cells (stem cells not yet specialized)
5) Melanocytes (makes color)
6) Mast cells (coordinates inflammation)
7) Lymphocytes (produce antibodies)
8) Microphages (phagocytic blood cells that move to site of infection or injury in small numbers) - Blood
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1) Formed elements & plasma (red blood cells, white blood cells, & platelets)
2) Arteries carry blood away from heart
3) Veins carry blood to heart
4) Capillaries allow diffusion into interstitial fluid - Lymph
- Interstitial fluid entering the lymphatic vessels
- Cartilage
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1) Grows via interstitial & appositional growth
2) Matrix is a firm gel containing chondroitin sulfate
3) Cells called chondrocytes
4) Cells found in lacunae (small chambers)
5) Perichondrium separates cartilage from surrounding tissues - Interstitial growth
- Chondrocytes undergo cell division, produce additional matrix, enlarge cartilage from within
- Appositional growth
- New layers of cartilage are added to the surface
- Collagen fibers
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1) Long, straight, unbranched
2) Most common fiber in CT Proper
3) Flexible, but very strong
(i.e. tendons & ligaments) - Reticular fibers
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1) Thin, branching interwoven framework
2) Resist forces applied from many directions
3) Stabilizes positions of an organ's blood vessels, nerves, etc. - Elastic fibers
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1) Contain elastin
2) Branched & wavy
3) Returns to original length after stretching - Name the 3 types of cartilage & where found.
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1) Hyaline *most common type (
2) Elastic (nose, auricle of ear)
3) Fibrocartilage (intervertebral discs) - Bone
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1) Has osteocytes
2) Osteocytes depend on diffusion thru canaliculi (little canals) for nutrients
3) Grows only by appositional growth
4) Little ground substance
5) Dense mineralized matrix
6) Surrounded by periosteum - Where are goblet cells found?
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Trachea
Small & large intestines - Tendons and ligaments are composed primarily of which tissue?
- Dense connective tissue
- Simple squamous epithelium
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Function: reduce friction, absorption, secretion
Found: lungs, heart, kidney tubules, blood vessels - Stratified squamous epithelium
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Function: physical protection
Found: skin, lining of passageways to outside - Simple cuboidal epithelium
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Function: limited protection, secretion, absorption
Found: kidney tubules, thyroid gland, ducts -
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
(rare) -
Function: protection, absorption, secretion
Found: mammary & sweat gland ducts - Transitional epithelium
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Function: Permits expansion & recoil after stretching
Found: bladder - Simple columnar epithelium
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Function: protection, absorption, secretion
Found: lining of stomach, intestines -
Stratified columnar epithelium
(relatively rare) -
Function: protection
Found: pharynx, anus, epiglottis - Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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Function: protection, secretion
Found: lining of nasal cavity, trachea - What is the major structural protein of the body?
- Collagen
- Serous membranes
- Line body cavities that lack openings to the outside --> thoracic cavity
- Synovial membranes
- Line joint cavities --> knee joint
- Cutaneous membrane
- Another name for skin
- Mucous membranes
- Line body surfaces that lead to outside --> digestive tract
- What is another name for visceral & parietal membranes?
- Serous membrane
- Most sweat glands are composed of ________ epithelial cells.
- Cuboidal
- What is the only gland which is both exocrine & endocrine?
- Pancreas (secrete insulin & glucagon & produces pancreatic juice)
- Histamine & heparin are two chemicals released after injury or infection by this type of cell found near blood vessels in connective tisse.
- Mast cell
- Dense regular connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bone
- Tendon
- Dense regular connective tissue that attaches bone to bone
- Ligament
- Tendinous sheet that attaches a broad, flat muscle to another muscle or to several bones of the skeleton
- Aponeurosis
- ________ is the pigment which gives blood its red color.
- Hemoglobin
- Plasma
- Water matrix; 90% H2o
- Leukocytes
- Large, clear cells with obvious nuclei; immune response
- Erythrocytes
- Anucleate (without a nucleus); carry O2
- Platelets
- Function in clotting response
- Capillaries
- Smallest blood vessels in the body; composed of a single layer of squamous epithelium
- Superficial fascia
- Hypodermis; layer of areolar tissue and fat which separates the skin from underlying tissues & organs
- Deep fascia
- Dense irregular connective tissue that is resistant to forces applied from many directions
- Subserous fascia
- Layer of areolar tissue that lies between the deep fascia & the serous membranes that line the body cavities
- What is the correct order of the layers of the body wall (from outside in)?
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1) Cutaneous membrane
2) Superficial fascia
3) Deep fascia
4) Subserous fascia
5) Serous membrane - Which cavities in the body are lined by serous membranes?
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1) Peritoneal
2) Pericardium
3) Pleural - Skeletal muscle
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1) Striated
2) Voluntary
3) Multinucleate (only)
4) Divides via satellite cells (stem cells ready to differentiate into a muscle) - Cardiac muscle
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1) Striated
2) Involuntary/Automatic
3) Intercalated discs
Found: only in heart - Smooth muscle
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1) Non-striated
2) Involuntary
3) Can divide & regenerate
4) Spindle-shaped
5) Uninucleate
Found: intestinal tract - Nervous Tissue
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1) Conducts electrical impulses
2) Conveys information from one area to another - 2 types of nervous tissue cells
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Neurons --> transmit information
Neuroglia --> support neural tissue; help supply nutrients to neurons - What are the 3 main components of nervous tissue?
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1) cell body
2) dendrites (receive info)
3) axon (nerve fiber which carries info to other neurons) - Areolar tissue
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1) Separates skin from deeper structures
2) "air" or "little space"
3) can distort w/out damage
4) fibers loosely organized
5) viscous ground substance
6) extensive blood supply
7) common injection site for drugs - Adipose tissue
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Function: Provides padding & cushions shock, insulates (reduces heat loss), stores energy reserves
Found: deep to the skin, breast, buttocks, padding around eyeballs, kidneys - Loose connective tissue
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1) "packing materials" of body
2) fill spaces between organs, cushion & stabilize specialized cells in many organs, & support epithelia
3) surround & support blood vessels & nerves, store lipids & provide route for diffusion of materials - Reticular tissue
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Function: Provides supporting framework
Found: liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow