Biochemestry
Terms
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- Carbohydrate
-
compostion - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
signifigance? quick and available energy -
Types of Carbohydrates:
Monosacchorides -
"simple sugars" (C6H12O6)
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
Ribose
Dextrose
Come from photo- or chemosynthesis
signifigance? forms of sugar we can use - Why must Disacchorides and Polysacchorides be broken down?
- b/c only the monosacchorides can be absorbed and transported to cells
-
Types of Carbohydrates:
Diasacchorides -
"double sugars" (C12H22O11)
Maltose - germanating grains (ex. barley)
Lactose - milk
Sucrose - sugar (ex. cookies)
formed by dehydration synthesis - Dehydration Synthesis
-
make by removing H2O
ex.glucose + glucose —› maltose + water
glucose + galactose —› lactose + H2O
glucose + fructose —› sucrose + H2O - Polysacchorides
-
"complex sugars"
structure? long chains of monosacchorides
function? store energy (ex. roots) and structural units (ex. cellulose)
ex. starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin - Starch
-
stored sugars in plants
humans can't make this
sap in trees is starch
ex. corn, potatoes, rice - Glycogen
-
stored sugars in animals
found in muscles and liver tissue - Cellulose
-
AKA bulk, roughage, fiber
we can't digest this b/c of no cellulose (neither can termites)
cellulose fiber cleans intestines
plant walls have cellulose - Chitin
- anthropod's exoskeleton
- Hydrolysis
-
"break down of substance using water"
ex. listerine strips, commmunion wafer
**REVERSE OF DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS** - Simple Sugar Tests
-
Benedict's soulution - blue, betrayer of monosacchorides only, shows up orange
Fehling's Soulution - clear and blue -
Abundance of Water
•on the planet
•in living cells -
•75% on the planet
•in all living cells
ex. protoplasm, cytoplasm - Important Properties of Water
-
•phase dependant on temperature
•solid=expands
(most cpds contract) - Polarity of a Water Molecule
-
oxygen end=negative
hydrogen end=positive
*UNIVERSAL SOLVENT*
ionically bonded cpds dissolve in water - Most Abundant Elements in Living Things
- Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen(78%)
- Organic Cpds
-
contain carbon
(chemistry of carbon) - Inorganic Cpds
-
**no carbon present in inorganic cpds**
exception-Carbon Dioxide
ex. salt, water, rust, sand - Why is carbon so special?
-
•It can form covalent bonds w/ carbons or other ions
•It can form long chains or rings - Polymerization
- many simple units connecting to make a larger unit
- Monomers
-
simple unit connecting to other simple units ex. pearls & string
ex. monomers —› polymer
amino acids —› protein
simple sugars —› carbonydrates
nucleotides —› neuclic acids - Macromolecules
-
"large molecule"
•lots of polymers
•thousands of monomers
ex. DNA w/ it's repeating units - 4 Categories of Organic Cpds
-
Carbohydrate - quick energy (ex. pasta before game)
Proteins - building block of life (ex. hair, skin, hormones, enzymes)
Lipids - stores energy; insulation (ex. kidney)
Nucleic Acids - provide a blueprint for life (ex. personality) - Protein provides structural basis for: Antibodies
-
body's natural defense proteins
inactivate foreign antigens(an indentifiable protein)
**see diagram** - Protein provides structural basis for: Muscle Fibers
- contain contractile filaments called actin and myosin (cause muscles to contract)
- Protein provides structural basis for: Hormones
-
"chromosome messengers in blood stream
(endocrine glands)
insulin-from pancreus, reg. blood sugar
adrenalin-fight of flight
estrogen-female hormones
androgen- - Benedict's Solution
-
-blue
-betrays simple sugars
-turns them orange - Fehling's Solution
-
-clear and blue
-tests for simple sugars - Iodine
-
-tests for starch
-amber—›balck on starches - Composition of Proteins
- C, H, O, and N
- Amino Acids
-
•simple units of protein
(repeting monomers)
•20 are known
•number can vary from 1-100s
•order is significant
(sickle cell anemia is missing 1 amino acid) - Peptide Bonds
-
function? holds amino acids together
Dipeptides-2 AA and one peptide bond
Tripeptides-3 AA and two peptide bonds
Polypeptides-4+ AA and 3+ peptide bonds - Function of Proteins
-
Carrier molecules
AND
Structural basis for hair, nails, etc. - Carrier Molecules
-
explain how things enter and leave cells
-protein in membrane of these
**see diagram** - Examples of Protein Body Coverings
-
keratin--hair and nails
collagen--builds up tissue, found in tendons, cosmetic surgery -
Protein provides structural basis for:
Chromosomes -
these contain genes and stain easily
polymer w/ monomers
DNA-chromosome-genes-nucleotides-sugar, phosphate basis