A&P II
Terms
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- Brainstem
- Control Center for automatic
- Phantom Pain
- Pain you have when a limb isnt there anymore
- Reffered Pain
- Pain that is in one body part but then is felt somewhere else
- Chronic Pain
- Pain that is felt over a long period of time
- Pain
- Concious awareness that a condition exists that you need to concinously move
- ACH-ase
- Breaks down ACH
- Ganglion
- Collection of somas outside CNS
- Rods
- Low light and black and white images
- Cones
- High like and color images
- Retine
-
Neural tunic
Contains rods and cones - Choroid
-
Vascular Tunic
Vascular layer cappilary bed - Sclera
-
Fibrous tunic
Ropelike collegan (white)
Capsule that surrounds everything else - Optic Disc
- Blind spot, no vision
- Cornea
- Single collagon fibers
- Macula Lueta
- Yellow Spot, highest concentration of cones
- Fovea Centralis
- In the middle of Macula luta, helps you focus
- Conjunctiva
- One cell layer thick and mucus membrane
- Pupil
- hole in the middle of iris
- Iris
- Separates anterior and postier chamber, a circular muscle and is a smooth muscle
- Lens
- separates anterior and postier cavity
- Viterous humor
- thick jellylike liquid that holds the retina in place
- Aquneous humor
- water
-
Laght passes through
6 places -
1. Conjunctiva
2. Cornea
3. Aquneous humor
4. Lens
5. Vitreous humor
6. Retina - Astigmastisim
- double vision cornea is mishaped
- cardiac
- protein build up within the lens
- eyebrows
- divert sweat and water from eye
- eyelashes
- keeps things from eye
- canthi
- lateral and medial helps eye to close
- caruncle
- fleshy blob medial to canthis
- lacrimal glands
- tear solution from the lateral upper eyelid
- tears
- contain lysozymes that kills bacteria
- rectus
- superior, lateral and medial muscle to roll eye
- oblique
- moves eye up and down
- Cocchlea
- means snale, inside is the organ of corti with hair cells
- Pinna-aricule
- outer ear captures sound waves into the external ear canal
- Vibresse
- hairs
- tympanum
- separates the external ear from the middle ear, amplfy sound waves to be transported into liquid
- Eustachian tube
- connects middle ear with nasal cavity-equalizes air pressure
- auditory ossicles
- amplfy sound waves to become a liquid (water)
- malleus
- attached to incus
- incus
- attached to stapes
- stapes
- attached to the oval window membrane that leads into the cocchlea
- round window
- helps take out excess sound so there is no echo
- low sound waves
- long waves
- high sound waves
- have short sound waves
- Vestible
- opening that leads to a larger area
- semi-circular canal
- able to move fluid
- equibluriun
- sense of balance
- 2 types of equilibrium
-
static-still
dynamic-changing - vestibule contains hair cells that trigger the
- otoliths
- otoliths
- above the hair cells is a gell that contains otoliths
- head gravity
- tells you where your head is with respect to gravity
- ampula
- where hair cell is tell you how fast and what direction you are moving your head
- proprioception
- knowing where your body parts are in space
- cerebellum
- tells you reprtitive things
- vertigo
- eyes arent sending the same information as your ears example is on a boat
- 2 control systems of the Endocrine system
- nervous and endocrine
- nervous system
- fast, electrical, short lived
- endocrine system
- slow, long lasting, chemical, long lived
- hormones
- cause growth and development, maintance of homeostasis
- 2 glands of the endocrine system
- endocrine and exocrine
- endocrine
- secretes a hormone into extracellular fluid
- exocrine
- secretes product onto epithelial surface, sebacous, lacrimal, salivary
- Functional unit of endocrine system?
- Hormones
- hormone
- a chemical messenger that is produced into one tissue, secreted and then transported by blood to another body tissue
- 3 hormone groups
- Amino-Acid, peptide, lipid
- Amino Acids
- polar molecules, have a positive and negative charge, small and have 1st and 2nd messengers
- Peptide
- longer chain of amino-acids also a polar molecule, it is bigger and it is a protein, it also has 1st and 2nd messengers
- Lipids
- nonpolar molecule and creates Cholestrol and Arachidonic Acid
- Arachidonic Acid
- 20carbon chain produces prostaglandin
- prostaglandin
- local hormone produced in a tissue and has an effect on neighboring cells
- How do polar hormones cause response?
- hormone attaches to a receptor site which causes a reaction with G proteins then it kicks off a 2nd messenger cAMP which causes the response
- How do nonpolar hormones cause response?
- Lipids diffuse straight through the cell membrane and attaches itseld to its receptor site inside of the cell
- Hypothalamus
- connects nervous to the endocrine system. produces neurohormones that travel through a vascular tube to the pitutary gland
- number one master control gland
- pitutary
- Hypothalamo-Hypophysial portal system
- carries neurohormones from hypothalamus to pituitary
- what will a releasing hormone look like
- GHRH
- what will an inhibiting hormone look like
- GHIH
- pituitary gland
- lives in the sella trrcia and found on the sphenoid bone
- the posterior lobe of the pitutary gland contains what
- oxytocin and ADH
- oxytocin
- stimulates smooth muscles of uterus
- ADH
- Anti Diuretic hormone, causes kidneys to retain water, maintains blood volumn
- How many hormones does the anterior lobe produce?
- 9
- GH
- Growth hormone
- Giantism
- too much GH as a kid "huge kids"
- Acromegaly
- Too much GH as an adult (large knucles, jaw and pain in joints)
- Dwarfism
- Too little GH as a kid
- TSH
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone-goes to thyroid and produces thyroxine which has to have iodine to be functional- it also produces thyrocalcitonin
- Goiter
- Not enough iodine
- Thyrocalcitonin
- negative feedback mechanism-takes calcium out of blood and puts it in bone
- Parathyroid Gland
- Posterior surface of throid and produces Parathyroid hormone
- PTH
- negative feedback mechanism-takes calcium from bone and puts it in blood
- calcium
- helps blood clotting, bone structure, nerve signal transmission, stimulates adrenak cortex
- ACTH
- Adreno-Corticotropic Hormone-steriod hormones, stimulates adrenal cortex
- MSH
- Melanin stimulating hormone-causes an increase in melanin
- LH
- Lutenizing Hormone-brings about ovulation-release of egg from ovary
- FSH
- Follicle stimulating hormone- causes immature eggs in ovary to start maturing
- Prolactin
- stimulates breast to produce milk
- Lipotrophin
- break down of fats
- Beta endorphins
- hormones that are pain killers like analgesia
- Where are the adrenal glands
- the superior surface of the kidney
- Adrenal cortex contains which anti-inflammatory hormones
-
Glucolcorticoids
Mineralcorticoids
Androgens - What is a Glucolcorticoid
- a steriod that has a carbohydrate attached to it, supresses the immune system, example is cortisone
- what is a mineralcorticoid
- Aldosterone-causes the kidneys to concentrate on urine
- what is an Androgen
-
a sex hormone
example testrone, estrogen - What does the adrenal medulla contain
- adrenaline and noradrenaline
- what is in adrenaline
- epinefrine
- what is in noradrenaline
- norepinefrine
- Which hormones do the kidneys have
-
Calcitriel
Erythropoeitin
Renin - what does calcitriel do
- stimulates the uptake of calcium from your food
- Erythropoeitin
- stimulates production of red blood cells
- Renin
- stimulates Angiotensin which causes a vaso constriction which wis when blood vessels constrict, and it stimulates Aldosterone which causes the body to maintain water
- what hormone does the heart produce
- ANP
- what is ANP and what does it do
- Atrial Natri Uretic Peptide- a diruetoc, shuts down renin ADH and aldosterone to help you get rid of water
- Panceras produces..
- digestive hormones
- what is the group of cells called in the pancreas
- Islets of Langerhaus
- What does the alpha cell do
- priduces glucagon which is the brakdown of glycogen
- what does the beta cell do
- produces insulin which causes cells to take glycose out of innerstial fluid
- what does the delta cell do
- produces somatostatin which regulates glucagon and insulin
- what is hyperglycemia
- too much blood sugar not enough glucagon is being produced
- what is hypoglycenia
- low blood sugar ot enough insulin is being produced
- what does Exercise do for you
- able to take sugar out of body
- Testes
- gnoids for the male reprodictive system, which produce interstitial cells and sustentacular cells
- interstitial cells
- produce testosterone which is a type of androgen important for sperm production and secondary sex characteristics
- What inhibits the production of testosterone
- inhibin
- ovaries
- female gnoids once follice cells are develped they produce estrogen and inhibin
- estrogen
- egg maturity and secondary sex characteristics
- what inhibits the production of estrogen
- inhibins
- corpus luteum
- the reminance from leftover follicle cells and then produces progesterone
- progestrone
- helps the woman to not release another egg
- Placenta
- structure that supports the embryo and it also uses synergistic endocrine activity corrdinated with ovaries and pitutary gland helps with normal fetal development and delivery
- pineal gland
- in the epithalamus also called 3rd eye it regulates circadian rythyms and synthesizes melatonin which helps people sleep
- thymus
- produces thymosins
- thymosins
- causes white blood cells to mature into T-cells
- Positive feedback mechanism
- pushes away from homeostasis
- negative feedback mechanism
- pulls back to homeostasis
- antagonistic
- working against eachother
- synergistic
- two or more hormones work together
- permissive
-
have to have one hormone present for the other hormone to achieve its goal
example.. epinefrine and thyroid - intergrative
-
number of hormones that work different functions but achieve the same goal
ex. all hormones working to maintain homeostasis