Medical Emergencies Quiz 2
Terms
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- complement system
- A group of proteins that coat bacteria and help to kill them directly or assisst in having them taken up by neutrophils in the blood or by macrophages in the tissues.
- latent period
- A stage of infection that begins when a pathogenic agent enters the body and ends when the agent can be shed or communicated.
- incubation period
- The stage of infection during which an agent reproduces; it begins with invasion of the agent and ends when the disease process begins.
- communicability period
- A stage of infection that begins when the latent period ends and continues as long as the agent is present and can spread to other hosts.
- disease period
- A stage of infection that follows the incubation period; the duration of this stage varies with the disease.
- arterial bood gas
- Dissolved gases in the arterial circulation. Generally consists of: pH, pCO2, PO2, HCO3, oxygen saturation, and hemoglobin.
- normal pH
- 7.35-7.45
- normal pCO2
- 35-45 mmHg
- normal pO2
- 80-100 mmHg
- normal HCO3
- 24-30 mEq/L
- normal SaO2
- 95-100%
- normal Hgb
- 12-18 g/dL
- respiratory acidosis
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Cause: increased PaCO2.
Compensation: increased HCO3. - respiratory alkalosis
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Cause: decreased PaCO2.
Compensation: decreased HCO3. - metabolic acidosis
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Cause: decreased HCO3.
Compensation: decreased PaCO2. - metabolic alkalosis
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Cause: increased HCO3.
Compensation: increased PaCO2. - manual airway maneuvers
- Manual manipulations of the airway, including head-tilt/chin-lift, jaw-thrust maneuver, and modified jaw-thrust.
- basic mechanical airways
- Nasopharyngeal airway; oropharyngeal airway.
- rapid sequence induction (RSI)
- Advanced airway technique; includes the use of sedation, anesthesia, neuromuscular blockade, oxygen therapy, and endotracheal intubation.
- Grandview blade
- Lanryngoscope blade with an 80% wider blade surface and anatomically appropriate curve for improved visualization.
- Viewmax blade
- Laryngoscope blade with built-in viewing tube and lens system that refracts images approximately 20 degrees from horizontal useful for intubation of very anterior airways.
- gum elastic bougie
- A straight, semirigid stylette-like device with a tip bent at about 30 degrees to facilitate difficult intubations. (Also called Eschmann tracheal tube.)
- Burden nasoscope
- A type of nasotracheal tube ausculatation device.
- Beck airway airflow monitor (BAAM)
- A device used to facilitate blind nasotracheal intubation in patients who are breathing.
- BURP (Backward, Upward, Rightward Pressure) maneuver
- Technique for facilitating visualization of the vocal cords during endotracheal intubation.
- sky hook technique
- A two-person technique facilitating visualization of the glottis in a seated or upright patient.
- retrograde intubation
- Intubation technique involving placing a needle into the patient's cricothyroid membrane through which a flexiblew wire is "snaked" upwards into the oropharynx, facilitating orotracheal intubation.
- induction agents
- Medications used for sedation, prior to paralysis, during RSI.
- premedications
- Medications used to blunt or attenuate various adverse side effects of neuromuscular blockers.
- neuromuscular-blocking agents
- Medications used to induce muscle relaxation, thus facilitating endotracheal intubation.
- depolarizing blocking agent
- Short-acting medicationd that depolarize the synaptic membrane of the muscle, causing total paralysis from 3 to 5 minutes.
- nondepolarizing blocking agents
- Medications that block acetylcholine's neurotransmitter action, rendering muscles flaccid without depolarizing the synaptic membrane.
- rescue airways
- Alternative airway management tools and technique used when endotracheal intubation (including RSI) fails.
- Esophageal Tracheal CombiTube (ETC)
- A dual-lumen airay device with a ventilation port for each lumen, designed for blind insertion that permits ventilation with BVM via either tube, as required.
- pharygotracheal lumen (PtL) airway
- A dual-lumen airway device designed for blind insertion that permits ventilation with BVM via either tube, as required.
- laryngeal mask airway (LMA)
- A noninvasive, single lumen airway device designed to occlude the supraglottic area and facilitate ventilation.
- intubating laryngeal mask airway (LMA Fastrach)
- A single lumen airway device designed to facilitate endotracheal intubation and ventilation.
- Cobra perilaryngeal airway (PLA)
- A single lumen airway device designed to occlude the supraglottic area and facilitate ventilation.
- Ambu laryngeal mask (ALM)
- A supraglottic, single-use, disposable airway designed for insertion when maintaining neutral position is desired.
- King LT airway
- A supraglottic, reusable airway that stabilizes the airway at the base of the tongue, via the inflation of a large silicone cuff.
- difficult airway
- A clinical situation in which a conventionally trained paramedic experiences difficulty with mask ventilation and/or endotracheal intubation.
- Mallampati classification system
- Four "class" level airway assessment for use in conscious patients, defined by the ability to visualize all, part, or none of the tonsilar pillars and/or the uvula.
- Cormack and Lehane classification system
- Four "grade" level airway assessment for use in unconscious patients, defined by the ability to visualize all, part, or none of the glottic opening and/or the vocal cords.
- POGO classification system
- Airway assessment used by some EMS personnel to rate the percentage of glottic opening (POGO) one can visualize from "0" to "100" percent (all).
- pulse oximetry
- Use of an electronic device to measure hemoglobin-oxygen saturation in peripheral tissues.
- capnography
- recordings or displays of exhaled CO2 measurements.
- capnogram
- The visual representation of the expired CO2 waveform.
- automatic transport ventilators
- Compact mechanical ventilators that can be used in out-of-hospital transport.