M1-C1-L58 --> Embryology III
Terms
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- General derivatives of the ectoderm germ layer. (X 2)
- Skin and Nervous system
- General derivatives of the mesoderm germ layer (x 2)
- Somatic and splanchnic mesoderm (synonymous with visceral and organ system)
- General derivatives of the endoderm (x2)
- Tubular system going down RESPIRATORY and GI TRACT
- BMP-4 induces the formation of what in ectoderm germ cells?
- Epidermis.
- BMP-4 induces the formation of what in mesodermal germ cells? (x2)
- Intermediate and Lateral plate mesoderms.
- What molecules inhibit the BMP-4 molecule.
- Noggin, chordin, and follistatin.
- Where do noggin, chordin, and follistatin exist in?
- Notochord, primitive node (organizer) and prechordal mesoderm.
- Give an example of what neural crest cells become?
- Dorsal root ganglia
- What molecule is important for cephalic region of development?
- BMP-4
- What is needed for the creation of hindbrain and spinal cord? X 3
-
1. Wnt-3a
2. FGF
3. Retinoic Acid (Vitamin A) - What is the end result derived from neural tube? X 3
-
1. Brain
2. Spinal cord
3. PNS neurons - Where does all the smooth muscles come from?
- SM in the face comes from ectoderm. The rest come from mesoderm
- What are the three layers of the embryonic mesoderm layer?
-
1. Paraxial
2. Intermediate
3. Lateral Plate - Somitomeres first appear where?
- In the cephalic region
- Above the head, somitomeres are called what?
- Neuromeres
- Below the head, somitomeres are called what?
- Somites
- Somites differentiate into what three types of tissue?
-
1. Sclerotome
2. Dermomyotome
3. Myotome - What does sclerotome become?
- Vertebral column
- What does myotomes become?
- Dorsal and Ventral musculature
- What does dermomyotome become?
- Dermis and muscles of body wall.
- What factor helps the sclerotome cells regulate bone development in body and where does it come from?
- Sonic Hedge Hog (SHH) from the notochord.
- How does BMP-4 effect mesoderm dermomyotome?
- Influences it with the help of Wnt
- Intermediate mesoderm forms what?
- Urogenital regions
- Lateral plate mesoderm forms what? X 3
- Parietal and visceral layers along with Smooth muscle.
- Association of lateral plate with amnion.
- Amnion pinches off the yolk sac forming the gut tube.
- Define vasculargenesis
- Formation of initial and isolated "blood islands" (hemangioblasts) in the embryo.
- Define angiogenesis
- Sprouting of "blood islands" (hemangioblasts) that form more peripheral vasculature.
- What are hemangioblasts?
- Mesenchyme cells originating from the mesoderm which are precursors to blood cells.
- What happens to "blood islands" depending on region.
- Central cells become the precursor of blood cells (primitive blood cells), while peripheral cells flatten and become endothelial cells (vessels)
- What eventually happens to the primitive blood cells?
- They undergo apoptosis and are replaced by fetal cells from the yolk.
- What colonizes the liver?
- Fetal cells from the yolk.
- What is the liver's function in an unborn embryo?
- Major hematopoeitic organ of the fetus.
- What is the factor molecule responsible for primitive blood vessel (epithelialization) and blood cell (centralization) formation?
- VEGF (Vasculature Endothelial Growth Factor)
- What is the vein specific gene?
- EPHB4
- What makes the foreign body sperm interact?
- Placenta has limited lymphatic supply.
- Angiogenesis in under the influence of what two molecules?
- TFG(beta) and PDGF
- VEGF is produced by what?
- Mesenchyme cells
- The foregut is temporarily bounded by what membrane?
- Buccopharyngeal membrane.
- The hindgut is temporarily bounded by what membrane?
- Cloacal membrane.
- The endoderm's Allantois eventually becomes what?
- Bladder.
- The spleen comes from what germ layer?
- Mesoderm
- The GI organs (minus the spleen) come from what germ layer?
- Endoderm
- How does endoderm contribute to the GI?
- Epithelial lining
- How does mesoderm contribute to the GI?
-
Smooth muscle
and
Visceral peritoneum - How does ectoderm contribute to the GI?
- Neural crest cells give rise to sympathetic ganglia (enteric neurons)