Anatomy CH 2
Terms
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- AMU
- atomic mass unit
- atomic #
- number of protons
- mass #
- number of protons + neutrons
- contains electrons; organized into shells
- electron cloud
- a component of water and other compounds; gaseous form is essential for respiration
- oxygen
- found in all organic molecules
- carbon
- a component of water and most other compounds in body
- hydrogen
- found in proteins, nucleic acids, and other
- nitrogen
- found in bones, teeth; important for membrane function; nerve impulses, muscle contraction and blood clotting
- calcium
- found in bones, teeth, nucleic acids; high energy compound
- potassium
- important for blood volume, nerve impulses, muscle contractions
- sodium
- important for blood volume, membrane function, water absorption
- chlorine
- cofactor for many enzymes
- magnesium
- found in many proteins
- sulfur
- important in oxygen transport and energy capture
- iron
- in thyroid hormones
- iodine
- determined by atomic number
- elements
- specific version of an element based on mass #
- isotopes
- the nuclei of some isotopes emit subatomic particles or radiation
- radioisotopes
- can destroy living tissues
- strong radioactive isotopes
- can be used in diagnostic procedures
- weak radioactive isotopes
- radioactive isotopes can be incorporated into specific compounds that are used in metabolic reactions in our bodies called?
- tracers
- in the cervical region; inferior to larynx; anterior to trachea; glad absorbs iodine to produce hormone
- thyroid gland
- a radioactive isotope of iodine and can be used to imaging of thyroid scan
- iodine 131
- energy levels that hold a max # of electrons
- shells
- these form molecules/compounds
- chemical bonds
- two or more atoms joined by strong bonds
- molecules
- two or more atoms of different elements joined by strong/weak bonds
- compounds
- positive ions
- cations
- ionic bonds: loses one or more electrons and becomes a cation
- electron donor
- Ionic bonds: gains same electrons and becomes an anion with a neg. charge
- electron donor
- involves the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms
- covalent bonds
- sharing one pair of electrons
- single covalent bond
- sharing 2 pairs of electrons
- double covalent bond
- sharing 3 pairs of electrons
- triple covalent bond
- bonds involve equal sharing of electrons because atoms involved in the bond have equal pull for electrons
- non polar covalent bond
- involves the unequal sharing of electrons because one of the atoms involved in the bond has a disproportionately strong pull on the electrons
- polar covalent bonds
- materials coming out of a reaction
- products
- all of the reactions that are occurring at one time
- metabolism
- breaks chemical bonds
- decomposition reaction
- forms chemical bonds
- synthesis reaction
- involves decomposition first, then synthesis
- exchange reaction
- a reaction that can occur in both directions; seeks equilibrium
- reversible reaction
- required for reactions to work
- enzymes
- amount of energy needed to get a reaction started
- activation energy
- protein catalysts that lower the activation energy of reactions
- enzymes
- produce more energy than they use
- exergonic reactions
- use more energy than they produce
- endergonic reactions
- essential molecules obtained from food
- nutrients
- molecules made or broken down in the body
- metabolites
- molecules not base on carbon/hydrogen
- inorganic
- molecules based on carbon/hydrogen
- organic
- a uniform mix of 2 or more substances
- solution
- a medium which atoms, ions or molecules of another substance is dispersed
- solvent
- water's ability to dissolve a solute in a solvent to make a solution
- solubility
- most body chemistry occurs in water
- reactivity
- water's ability to absorb and retain heat
- high heat capacity
- to moisten and reduce friction
- lubricate
- one of the important electrolytes that dissociate in body fluid
- NaCl
- inorganic ions that conduct electricity in solution
- electrolytes
- can seriously disturb vital body functions
- electrolyte imbalance
- interacts with water (likes water), includes ions and polar molecules
- hydrophilic
- does NOT interact with water (hates water), includes non polar molecules, fats, oils
- hydrophobic
- concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
- pH
- a balance of H+ and OH-; pure water = 7.0
- neutral pH
- pH of human blood
- 7.35 - 7.45
- pH lower than 7.0
- acidic
- pH higher than 7.0
- basic
- has an inverse relationship with H+ concentration
- pH scale
- a solute that adds hydrogen ions to a solution
- acid
- a solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution
- base
- solutes that dissociate into cations and anions other than hydrogen/hydroxide ions
- salts
- neutralizes either strong acid or base
- buffer
- simple sugar (list examples)
- monosaccharide 1. glucose 2. fructose 3. galactose
- 2 sugars (list examples)
- disaccharide 1. sucrose 2. maltose 3. lactose
- many sugars (list examples)
- polysaccharides 1. glycogen 2. starch 3. cellulose
- mainly hydrophobic molecules as fats and oils
- lipids
- long chains of carbon/hydrogen a carboxylic acid group at one end
- fatty acids
- fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
- glycerides
- three fatty acid tails attached to glycerol
- triglycerides
- all saturated fatty acids; animal sources; solid at room temp
- fats
- at least one of fatty acids is unsaturated; plant sources; liquid at room temp
- oils
- important functions of fats/oils
- energy source insulation protection
- derived from fatty acid called arachidonic acid
- eicosonoids
- eicosonoids: active in immune system
- leukotrienes
- eicosonoids: local hormones
- prostoglandins
- four rings of C and H with an assortment of functional groups
- steroids
- steroids: component of plasma
- cholesterol
- steroids: sex hormones
- estrogens/testosterones
- steroids: metabolic regulation
- corticosteroids/calcitriol
- steroids: important for digestion
- bile salts
- have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails; components of plasma
- phospholipids
- the most abundant and important organic molecules
- proteins
- 7 major functions of proteins
- support movement transport metabolic regulation condition/control defense
- protein shape: sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide
- primary structure
- protein shape: H bonds form spirals or pleats
- secondary structure
- protein shape: secondary structure folds into unique shape
- tertiary structure
- protein shape: several tertiary structures together
- quaternary structure
- loss of shape/function due to heat or change in pH
- denaturation
- large organic molecules found in the nucleus which store and process info out the molecular level
- nucleic acids
- Functions of DNA
- 1. determines inherited characteristics 2. directs protein synthesis 3. controls enzyme production 4. controls metabolism
- Function of RNA
- 1. controls intermediate steps in protein synthesis
- building blocks of RNA/DNA
- nucleotides
- 3 molecular parts of nucleotides
- 1. sugar 2. phosphate group 3. nitrogenous base
- what's in purine bases
- adenine guanine
- what's in pyramidine bases
- cytosine thymine uracil
- types of RNA
- messenger RNA (mRNA) transfer RNA (tRNA) ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
- ADP
- adenosine diphosphate
- ATP
- adenosine triphosphate
- the enzyme that catalyzes phophorylation (the addition of a high energy phosphate group to a molecule)
- ATPhase