PY111 Exam 1
Terms
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- Structuralism--Who?
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William Wundt--Germany
Introduced psychology as a science - Structuralism--Basic Premise
- The whole is equal to the sum of its consituent parts
- Functionalism--Who?
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William James
Led the first distinctly American school in the early 20th century - Functionalism--Basic Premise
- Psychology is the study of the mind as it functions in adapting to its environment
- Gesalt--Who?
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Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler, Kurt Koffka
Against structuralism - Gesalt--Basic Premise
- The whole is different than the sum of the constituent parts, it's about the molar aspects of behavior and experience
- Psychoanalysis--Who?
- Sigmund Freud--Austrian physician
- Psychoanalysis--Basic Premise
- Unconscious mental forces direct our everyday behavior...psychological maladjustment results from unresolved conflicts of which a person is unaware
- Freud's stages
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Oral Stage (0 to 2)
Anal Stage (2 to 5)
Phallic Stage (5 to 7)
Latency Stage (7 to 12)
Gender Stage (12 through adulthood) - Freud's categories
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Superego--morality principle
Ego--reality principle
Id--pleasure principle - Behaviorism--Who?
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John Watson
Led the revolt that produced the most influential school of psychology - Behaviorism--Basic Premise
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Psychology should study only what can be observed and measured objectively
Psychology is the study of human behavior - Structuralism--more
- Analyze onscious processes into their basic elements, discover how these elements became connected, specify the laws governing the connection
- Functionalism--focus
- How the organism adapted to their environment
- Behaviorism--more
- Blank slate theory
- Theory
- an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations
- A theory should ...
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be parsimonious (concise)
organize and link observedfacts
offer hypotheses
be replicable - Variance
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How spread out scores are from the mean
(sum for deviations) ^2/n - Standard deviation
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How rare the score is in relation to the mean
square root of the variance - Research Methods
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Descriptive
Correlational
Experimental - Descriptive
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to observe and record behavior
case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observations
nothing is manipulated - Correlational
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to detect naturally occurring relationships, to assess how well one variable predicts another
gives you predictive power but no causation
nothing is manipulated - Experimental
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to explore cause and effect
the independent variable is manipulated - Independent Variable
- the experimental factor you manipulate; the treatment itself
- Dependent Variable
- the behavior measured, the factor that might be affected by changes in the independent variable
- Experimental condition
- the condition that exposes subjects to one version of the independent variable
- Control condition
- a condition identical to the experimental one, except the independent variable has a different value
- Random assignment
- assigning subjects to conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those in the different conditions
- External Validity
- the degree to which the conclusions in your study would hold for other persons in other places and at other times
- Internal Validity
- the approximate truth about inferences regarding cause and effect or causal relationships
- Test retest validity
- You can expect extreme similarities between the first test and the retest
- Harry Harlow
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infant monkey researcher
to prove that the wellbeing of the child depends on more than just food--contact comfort - Rene Spitz
- worked with institutionalized children and discovered that attention and love kept the children alive
- John Bowlby
- stages of reaction to separation--proest, despair, detachment
- Internal Working Model (IWM)
- a template or mold where the infant learns to expect something from others
- Secure Attachment
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saw others as trustworthy and loving, thought they were worthy of love
68% of people
infant drives the attachment - Anxious/Ambivalent
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saw others as unpredictable, saw self as not worthy, but struggled to be worthy
parents drive the attachment--inconsistent parenting - Avoidant
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saw others as unavailable, unloving, unresponsive
saw self as not needing anyone, independent
defensive self-reliance - Mary Ainsworth
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Strange Situation (explain)
enter, stranger, mother leaves, mother returns stranger leaves, alone, stranger, mother - Jerome Kagan
- temperament theorist (before attachment)
- Temperament styles
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Relaxed/easy going
Reactive/difficult - Opponent Process Theory
- the system seeks homeostasis
- Medial forebrain bundle
- pleasure/reward segment of our brain
- Nucleus accumbens
- sends signals from the brain distributing feelings
- Neurons
- the way in which we reveive messages, provide information, etc.
- Myelin sheath
- grows as we grow...speeds the rate of transmission from the dendrites to the axon
- Dendrites
- receive an electrical impules and send it through the axon
- Axon
- receive the electrical impulse from the dendrite
- Synaptic gap
- Gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another--releases chemials
- Monoamine oxidase
- clears up the excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic gap
- Alexander Klumsin
- rat cocaine sugar water experiment