preclinic chapter 2
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- describe modes of transmission******
-
direct contact with blood, saliva, other body fluids, or infectious lesions.
indirect contact by transfer of microorganisms from a contaminated object such as a dental instrument - Herpes simplex
-
HSV1 primarily nonsexual transmission
HSV2 primarily sexual transmission
present in sulcular epithelium, dental trauma may cause ulceration, acyclovir drug of choice - what is virulence
- the degree of pathogenicity or disease-evoking power of an infectious agent
- what is permucousal
- through a mucous membrane; non-intact skin (dermatitis)
- what is percutaneous
- through the skin; (piercing skin-needle stick)
- decribe the procedures for obtaining the clients health history
- obtain, review, update; address specific questions to present health status; patients may suppress information
- decribe the clinical management for TB
- update medical history, refer patient with symptoms, defer elective treatment check for enlarged lymph nodes, ulcers may occur.
- Describe multidrug resistant TB
-
common meds: isoniaxid, rifampi, pyrazinamide.
if not taken properly resistance can develop.
supervision needed. - HIV intraoral exam
-
you may see:
fungal-candidiasis, viral infections include:herpes simplex, hairy leukoplakia, verruca vulgaris, and cytomegalovirus ulcer, bacterial infections include: gingival and periodontal infections, NUG, NUP, linear gingival erythema - IMPORTANT FACT!!!!
- subclinical cases of Hep B is more virulent tna acute cases of HIV
- Herpes Cytomegalovirus (HCMV)
- associated with AIDS, affect fetus, in body fluids, prevalent in daycares, most recent form of herpes to be discovered
- immunize!!!!
- pre and post exposure prophylaxis, intramusculary in 3 doses 0, 1, 6 months, in deltoid muscle for women, in thigh for infants and newborns, post exposure (Heb B Immune Globulin) HBIG
- Herpes Varicella-Zoster (VZV)
-
contagious, rash that becomes vesicular, same as Herpes Zoster (shingles)
-pain associated with nerve endings - Ocular Herpes
- HSV in the eye, can be either HSV 1or2, splashing saliva or fluid from vesicular lesion into eye, can cause blindness.
- what does mononuclosis petechiae look like in the oral cavity
- symptoms show up as little red spots orally
- name some ports of exit
- skin, mucous membranes, and respiratory tract
- pathogens that are transmissible by the oral cavity inlude:
- TB, viral hepatitis, AIDS, and Herpetic infections
- HIV extraoral exam
- lymphadenopathy-enlarged lyph glands, skin lesions: Kaposi's sarcoma-malignant vascular tumor, Purpura-petechiae or hemorrhages in skin, herpetic lesions
- name some reservoirs
- people (oral cavity, hands), equipment, instruments, and water (DUWL)
- what is cross contamination*****
- preventing the spread of pathogens from: client to HCW, HCW to client, client to client, dental office to community, community to client
- name some factors that influence the development of infections
- #of organism and duration of exposure, virulence of organisms, immune status of host, general physical health and nutritional status of host ( immunizations)
- describe ports of entry
- spatter of microrganisms onto nonintact skin or mucous membranes (intraoral, nasal, ocular), droplet or airborne transfer of microrganism, exposure through skin permucosal or percutaneous
- prevention of transmission includes:
- reduce microbial count in susceptible persons (preprocedural rinse or brushing), interurupt transmission (rubber dam, high volume evacuation, and manual instrumentation), DUWL management and PPE for clinician
- what is spatter
- heavier, visible particles (blood, saliva) measuring more than 50 microns in diameter. can collect on formites(inanimate objects like clothing or paper that absorb and transmit infectious agents)
- HBV disease process****
- Incubation 2-6 months, communicable before, during and after clinical signs, chronic carrier (many are), can cause cirrhosis and liver cancer
- Hep B
- any age, blood and body fluids, percutaneous, permucosal,perinatal, (needles, sex, birth)institutionalized (downs syndrome), healthcare workers, travelers, immigrants
- Hepatitis E
- feca oral route, blood-borne rare, poor sanitation-floods, underdeveloped countries, travelers- e.Africa, Asia, Central America
- name the 6 elements contained in the cyclic process
- infectious agents, reservoirs, ports of exit and entry, modes of transmissionm susceptible host, infection control protocol
- Immunizations only protect us from which type of hepatitis
- Hep B and D
- Hepatitis G
- identified in 1996, incubation period unknown, blood borne????, sexual, perinatal
- Herpes Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)
- monoucleosis, oral transmission(kissing disease), pharyngeal abscess
- Hepatitis C
- former transfusion associated non-A, non-B Hep, blood transfusions, percutaneous(contaminated needles), nonpercutaneous-sexual, perinatal, dialysis, found in saliva,( no symptoms-flu-juandice), chronic liver disease, no vaccine
- what is the communicable period of a disease
- the time during which an infectious agent may be transferred directly or indirectly from an infected person to another person
- what is inoculation
- introduction of a disease agent into a healthy individual to induce(activate) immunity
- Myobacterium tuberculosis
-
predisposing factors include, HIV, diabetes, alcoholism and congenital ehart disease.
Aids defining disease (linked), contracted by inhalation or innoculation, 4-12 weeks incubation. Can be in aerosals from ultrasonic, A/w syringe. It is most contagious before diagnosed (cough) - HIV-1
- Retrovirus RNA is the core genetic material, CD4+ is primary target cell for infection, decrease in number of CD4=cells correlates with risk and severity of HIV related illness, initial infection may cause mononucleosis like symptoms, oral lesion in later stages
- what are aerosals
- air-suspended liquids or solids in small invisible particles (less than 50 microns) that remain airborne for extended periods of time and can be inhaled
- which pathogen can be transmitted by inhalation or innoculation
- TB
- what is incubation
- the time interval between the initial contact with an infectious agent and the appearance of the first clinical sign or symptoms of the disease
- viral hepatitis
-
A,B,C, D, E, G
HBV has increased in the past 20 years - what is a physical trait of myobacterium TB
- the physical appearance of the disease follows the lymph nodes
- HIV in children
- 25-40% of children born to HIV positive mothers are infected (HIV demonstrated in human milk), children who have been sexually abused are at risk, progression of disease is faster and more severe in children, oral lesions are common, sugar in their meds for HIV can cause decay
- Herpetic whitlow
-
can occur with either HSV1 or HSV2
it is an infection of the fingers, usually around the finger nail, primary or recurrent infection, can be infectious before the lesion occurs, autoinfection from lip or intraoral herpetic lesion possible - hepatitis A
- mostly children, unsanitary conditions (feces), from water or shell fish, food handlers, incubation 15-50 days, communicable before jaundice, preicteric phase-flulike symptoms, liver enlarged, icteric phase- jaundice
- suspceptible hosts include
- immunosuppression, medical compromised person, and elderly
- name some infectious agents
- bacteria, viruse, protozoa, and fungi
- Hepatitis D
- you must have B in order to have D, severe symptoms, death, sudden onset, chronic liver disease, bloodborne, IV drug use, sexual, HBV vaccine
- HIV infection
- can be spread by sexual contact, blood and blood products, perinatal( virus can be transmitted across placenta)
- desribe herpes virus
- highly infectious, travels along nerve ganglia, malignant tendencies, becomes latent and reactivates
- primary herpetic gingivostomatitis
- painful vescular lesions on gingiva, mucosa, tongue and lips, highly infectious, herpes simplex virus 1, infants and children, young adults, recurrent herpes labialis (cold sores)