Chemistry: Matter and it's Changes
Terms
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- NH4+
- Ammonium ion
- OH -
- Hydroxide Ion
- CN-
- Cyanide Ion
- N02-
- Nitrite Ion
- N03-
- Nitrate Ion
- Cl0-
- Hypochlorite Ion
- Cl02-
- Chlorite Ion
- Cl03-
- Chlorate Ion
- Cl04-
- Perchlorate Ion
- C2H3O2-
- Acetate Ion
- CO3 -2
- Carbonate Ion
- SO3 -2
- Sulfite Ion
- SO4 -2
- Sulfate Ion
- HSO3-
- Hydrogen Sulfite Ion
- Hydrogen Sulfite Ion
- HSO3-
- HSO4-
- Hydrogen Sulfate Ion
- Hydrogen Sulfate Ion
- HSO4-
- PO4 -3
- Phosphate Ion
- HPO4 -2
- Hydrogen Phosphate Ion
- H2PO4-
- Dihydrogen Phosphate Ion
- Intensive Properties
- Independent of Sample Size ex: conductivity, density, color More usefull to identify something (vs extensive prop.)
- Extensive Properties
- dependent of sample size ex: volume, mass
- elements
- smallest part that anything can be broken down. ex: cannot break Cu down to anything simpler than Cu.
- compounds
- made of elements combination of elemtns in spec. proportion NOT RANDOM ex: proteins, DNA
- Mixtures
- Made up of compounds or elements but not chemically combined. Non spec. proportions. Easy separation
- Homogenous mixtures
- all the same ex: koolaid
- Heterogenous mixtures
- not the same ex: sand and water
- Atomic #
- Number of Protons Ex: H= 1 proton
- Atomic Mass #
- # of protons + # of neutrons
- Hydrates
- Associated with spec. amounts of water even though theyre solids. compounds that absorb water in fixed amounts (not random) ex: Cu(SO4) * 5H2O for every one molecule of this compound there are 5 STRONG ATTRACTION (no chem. bond)
- Anhydrous
- w/out water
- Kinetic Energy
- 1/2 m*(v (squared))
- Law of Conservation of Energy
- Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be changed from one form to another
- mono (often omitted)
- 1
- di
- 2
- tri
- 3
- tetra
- 4
- penta
- 5
- hexa
- 6
- hepta
- 7
- Octa
- 8
- Nona
- 9
- deca
- 10
- molecular compounds
- 2 nonmetal compounds
- PF5
- Phosphorous Pentafluoride
- N2O5
- Dinitrogen pentaoxide
- H2O
- Dihydrogen Oxide
- NH3
- Nitrogen Trihydride "ammonia"
- CBr4
- Carbon tetrabromide
- CCl4
- Carbon tetrachloride
- Ionic Compounds
- Formed when metals react with nonmetals.
- Cation
- Pos. charged Ion
- Anion
- Neg. Charged Ion
- Errors
- Due to limitation in the measurement procedure. (don't confuse w/ mistake)
- Sig. figs. for multiplication and division
- sig. figs. in the answer is equal to the # of sig. figs in the least precise measurement (least # of sig. figs)
- Sig. figs. for addition and subtraction.
- answer has the same # of decimal places as the number with the fewest # of decimal places.
- 2.54 cm
- 1 in.
- 100cm.
- 1 m.
- 1 L
- 1000mL
- 1 mL
- 1 cubic cm
- Density
- mass/volume g/mL kg/cubic cm g/cubic cm
- Specific Gravity
- Density of something/density of water
- mole
- 6.022 x 10 to the 23
- percent composition
- percent of an element by mass, in compound =mass element/mass compound x 100%
- molecular formula
- actual number of atoms in a compound
- empirical formula
- simplest formula ex: C4H10 = C2H5
- Avogadro's Number
- Links moles and atoms or moles and molecules 6.022 x 10^23
- theoretical yield
- what must be obtained if no losses occur. a calculated quantity based on a chemical equation and the amount of reactants available.
- percentage yield
- = actual yield/theoretical yield x 100%
- Solute
- any substance dissolved in the solvent. Solid, liquid or gas.
- Solvent
- component present in the largest amount and is the medium into which the solutes are mixed or dissolved. can be solid liquid or gas ex: water
- Concentration
- the ratio of the amount of solute either to the amount of solvent or to the amount of solution
- Saturated Solution
- at its present temp. it cannot dissolve any more solute.
- dilute
- relatively small amnt of solute and high amnt of solvent.
- Ionic Compounds conduct electricity in water(solvent) b/c...
- they dissociate (cation and anion) and free ions float in solution. Ions carry e- , therefore conducting electricity.
- Molecular compounds do not conduct electricity in water b/c...
- they do dissolve in solvent but do NOT dissociate or ionize therefore does not conduct electricity. ex: sugar molecule
- Molarity
- Moles of solute/ liters of solvent = m/l = M
- Oxidation
- los off electrons by one reactant (linked w/ reduction- if one loses e- than the other has to gain it)
- Reduction
- gain of electrons by another
- meth-
- 1
- eth-
- 2
- prop-
- 3
- but-
- 4
- pent-
- 5
- hex-
- 6
- hept-
- 7
- oct-
- 8
- non-
- 9
- dec-
- 10
- mono
- 1
- undeca
- 11
- dodeca
- 12