pscyh chp 8
Terms
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- intelligence is... - 3
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application of cognitive skills and knowledge to learn, solve prbms, and obtain ends that are valued
1) expressed in diff domains
2) intelligence is functional ex: athletic intelligence
3) defined by culture - inter-individual differences
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diff between groups
ex: gender, race, age - intra-individual diff - 3
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diff w/in an individual
1) development
2) diff w/in a profile ex: personality test vs. math test
3) pre vs. post training - mental ability tests - 3
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measure/describe a person's mental ability or intellectual potential
1)aptitude
2)acheievement
3)intelligence - aptitude
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test that measure a student's collective knowledge ex: SATs
measures a person's capability to learn certain things
goal is to predict future learning potential - achievement
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measure knowledge and skill in academic subj areas ex: math, spelling, reading
ex: BAR exam for lawyers - intelligence
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pscyhological test that measure general intellectual functioning
ex: Wechsler, stanford-binet - standardized - good test
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process of establishing rules for administering a test and interpreting scores
ex: preparing a class for questions in a relaxing way vs. anxiety provoking way - objective of making a good test
- when every observer of a behavior arrives at same conclusion
- norms - 3
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description of how various scores occur
1) info about where a test score ranks in relation to other scores ex: what does a score of 18 on a depression scale mean?
2) percentile scores - percent of ppl at or below the score you have got
3) standarized group - the sample of people that the norms are based on - 2000 to 6000 ppl - pscyhometric instruments
- tests that quantify pscyhological attributes such as personality traits or intellectual abilities
- intelligence test
- measures a peron's cognitive capabilities relative to others
- sir francis galton
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first to systematically measure intelligence and devise correlation coefficient
1) intelligence was a product of evolutionary process - survival of the fittest - intelligence runs in family
2) made a simple test such as reaction times to examine
correlation
3) simple measures of intelligence did not correlate w/ class - binet-simon test
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devised a test to measure intellectual development in children
goal was to differentiate between children who
1) would benefit from traditional methods of leaning
2)would need extra help
3)were un-educable - binet thought of intelligence as...
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a general cognitive capacity instead of acquired knowledge
devised mental age concept - IQ
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intelligence quotient - a score meant to quantify intellectual functioning to allow comparison among ppl
IQ=(MA)/(CA)
MA=mental age
CA=chronological age - IQ scores
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< 70 = mental retardation
100 = mean
> 100 = genius - problems w/ stanford-binet test
- linguistic and cultural biases toward native born english speakers
- wechsler adult intelligence scale
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1st to devise IQ in adults
gave more emphasis to nonverbal reasoning - yielding verbal and performance IQ parts
devised downward extensions of his scale for children
credited w/
1) adult IQ test - WAIS III
2) child IQ test - WISC III - mental retardation
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significantly below avg. w/ deficits in adaptive function that appear in childhood / often appear in more than one realm
failure to display the skills needed for daily living, communication
causes: genetic - down syndrome / envirmental issues - damage during birth - giftedness
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2-3% of population
Terman did a test on 1500 kids w/scores > 130
moderately gifted = fine
profoundly gifted = social and emotial problems
giftedness does not equal eminence
drudge theory - eminent ppl work harder and are more determined
confound - those w/innate talent exert more energy - measurement issues - 3
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1) reliability
2) correlation coefficient
3) validity - not a fixed process - validity of IQ tests
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1) exceptionally reliable
2) things that might affect performance - sleep, illness
3) qualified validity - indicators of academic/verbal intelligence - IQ test can predict...
- future of success and occupation attainment but not performance
- pscyhometric
- identifies groups of items that correlate highly w/ one another to discover underlying skills/abilities
- factor analysis
- statistical analysis for identifying common elements / factors are named based on how the correlations pan out
- info processing
- attempts to understand the process that underlies intelligent behavior - as a process rather than a measurable quantity
- multiple intelligences
- intelligence is a function of multiple systems
- Spearman's psychometric approach - 3
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1) attempted to measure individual diff in behaviors and abilities
2) measured how well ppl performed on a diverse selection of tests
3) level of performance on one task was positively correlated w/ level of another task - two factor theory of intelligence - 2 (s & g)
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1) g - general ability - that which underlies all cognitive abilities / mental energy
2) s - specific abilities unique to certain tests or shared by only a subset of tests - what does "g" represent? - 2
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the tasks that spearman used could correlate well b/c they were influenced by a unitary process
the tasks depend on same phsyical factor ex: same neurons - Thurston's theory of intelligence - 7
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said there is no "g"
1) word fluency
2) comprehension
3) numerical computation
4) spatial skills
5) associative memory
6) reasoning
7) preceptual speed - Raymond Cattell
- modified Spearman's pscyhodynamic model
- Gf-Gc theory
- two intelligence factors - fluid and crystallized
- fluid intelligence
- used in processing info and apporaching novel problems / working memory / speed of processing / reaction time / mental engine that allows you to learn new things / declines w/age
- cyrstallized intelligence
- ppl's store of knowledge / specific knowledge gained as a result of applying fluid intelligence / total sum of knowledge through experience / increases w/age
- theory of multiple intelligences - howard gardner
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multiple intelligences are unrelated
brain damage would alter one ability but not others
viewed intelligence as a set of abilities used to solve prblms that are of consequence in a particular cultural setting
ppl who excel in one area lack in others - Gardner's 7 intelligences
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1) musical
2) bodily/kinesthetic
3) spatial
4) verbal/linguisitic
5) logical/mathematical
6) intrapersonal - self control and self understanding
7) social - savant syndrome
- ppl who are overall below avg on intelligence scales but score really high on one intelligence
- information processing approach to intelligence
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focuses on processes involved in intelligent behavior, not test scores but products of intelligence
relates basic mental processes to intelligence
intelligence is more attential resources / bigger working memory (STM) - speed of processing
- strong correlation w/IQ tests
- knowledge base
- info stored in LTM / ppl w/strong knowledge base are better equipped to perform a mental task
- enviormental role in intelligence
- adoption studies show that enviorment contributes to intelligence
- cumulative deprivation hypotheses
- children brought up in deprived enviorments will experience a decline in IQ score
- the flynn effect
- trend for IQ scores increase from generation to generation b/c better living conditions, more ppl being educated , medical care better, nutrional factors
- reaction range
- refers to genetically determined limits on IQ - determined by the enviroment
- heritability of IQ
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twin studies - reared together - 74% prediciability / reared apart - 54% predictability
adoption studies - compared IQ scores of adopted children w/real family and fake family - results suggest heavy influence of genes - validity issues for IQ tests - 2
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1) minimal theoretical basis
2) culutral bias ex: immigrants from euro were deemed defective b/c they had poor test scores / tests administered in eng to noneng speakers - misconceptions about intelligence - 4
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1) only measure innate intelligence (don't forget about verbal/crystallized)
2) IQ's never change (some abilities increase w/age while other's decrease)
3) intelligence tests provide perfectly reliable scores (only esitmates)
4) traditional tests measured all we needed to know (omitted certain traits such as creativity, pratcial, musical intelligence)