Personality Theory Final
Terms
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- 7 criteria of scientific studies
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- Comprehensive
- Parsimonious
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- 4 objectives of personality psychology
- Description
- Explanation
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- What is Barnum effect?
- Tendency to believe vague generalities about one’s own personality
- What is reliability?
- Consistency with which a test measures
- Correlation between person&
- How can reliability be enhanced?
- Be careful (double check, proof read)
- Use consistent scripted proc
- Why is reliability necessary but not sufficient criterion?
- A reliable answer gives the same answer every time, but that does not make the answer correct
- What is validity? Describe 4 forms
- The fact that a test measures what it says it measures
- Content: items
- What is multi trait multi method matrix?
- Proper test validation involves assessing various traits and utilizing multiple assessment methods
- What is generalizabilty?
- To what else does the measurement or result generalize across different
- Name and describe 5 forms of bias in personality measurement
- Response Sets
- What are shared/ not shared environmental factors?
- Shared = socioecon status, parenting style, divorce, community
- Non share
- What are passive, reactive and active genotype- environment conditions?
- Passive- everything provided by parents (create social home)
- Reactive- c
- Name and describe 3 philosophical principles that underlie behaviorism.
- Empiricism: all behavior comes from experience, experience is a direct product of reality, birth mind is “tabla ra
- What is habituation? What is classical conditioning? What is operant conditioning?
- Habituation: initially strong behavioral response to a stimuli but after a while the organism gets habituated (used to) a stimuli and
- Give an example of generalization and discrimination.
- Generalization: baby smiles at person who is wearing the same perfume as his mother
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How does learned helplessness develop according to behaviorist ideas?
- Random occurrence of pos and neg stimuli, belief that “nothing matters” leads to depression
- What did Watson do with Little Albert? What kind of conditioning did he use?
- Creation of phobias in a baby
- Present animal and loud noise at the s
- What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect?
- Consequence of behavior will either strengthen or weaken behavior
- Which reinforcement schedules are the most effective? Why? Give an example
- Partial reinforcement (variable intervals), behavior will be continued even if you stop the reinforcement, rat pressing button in Ski
- What is Skinner’s view on the influence of biology?
- Bio factors are important because they define an organism’s range of responses and ability to have behavior strengthened by the
- What is habit hierarchy according to Donald and Miller?
- The behavior of an individual is most likely to perform at a given moment resides at the top of the habit hierarchy (effects of rewar
- According the Donald and Miller, what are primary and secondary drives?
- Primary: food, water, physical comfort, avoidance of pain, sex
- Secondary:
- Describe 3 sources of drive conflict according to Donald and Miller and apply them to an example.
- Approach- avoidance: individual drawn to and away from an action/ object
- A
- What are the strengths and shortcomings of behaviorism?
- Strengths: focus attention on environmental influence, stresses importance applying principles of conditioning to each organism indiv
- What is Rotter’s expectancy value theory? How does it differ from behaviorism?
- Will my behavior have a positive outcome? Different from behaviorism in that the focus is on BELIEVED rewards/pun
- What does the likelihood of modeling depend upon?
- Characteristics of the model (status, power, similarity to observer)
- Cha
- Describe strength of the obsevationalist approach.
- Explains learning of novel behaviors without reinforcement
- learning of
- What processes underlie Bandura’s observational learning?
- Attention
- Retention
- How can self efficacy expectations be influenced? (4 sources)
- Past experiences and failures
- Vicarious experiences
- What is reciprocal determinism?
- Environments are changed and chosen by people (people influence their environments- not the other way around)
- How do Skinner and Bandura differ in their view on determinism?
- Skinner- environments are inflicted on people
- Bandura- people chose
- What are the central tenets of Gestalt Psychology?
- Human beings seek meaning in their environment
- Sensations are orga
- What is field dependence? Describe characteristics of people high and low. Give an example
- Degree to which an individual is influenced by aspects of the context
- Ex
- Describe forms of ADHD.
- Hyperactive/ impulsive (no attention) = inability to stop immediate reactions, disruptive behavior
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What is the basic idea of Personal Construct Theory (Kelly)
- Every person has a set of personal constructs that they attempt to understand and predict behavior
- How do constructs change (according the Kelly)
- Experience and modulation corollaries (not all new experience change constructs, can be concrete or permeable)
- What is the role construct repertory grid test? Use an example to demonstrate how constructs are measured.
- Experimenter makes list of 20-30 people in a person’s life
- Puts t
- Describe strengths and weaknesses of cognitive approaches
- Strengths- studies uniquely human process of cognition
- Weaknesses- negle
- Describe Allport’s ideas about the idiographic versus nomothetic study of personality.
- Idiogrpahic- focus on individual- sees this as the MORE important of the factors to study
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- What is Cattell’s approach to personality?
- Lexical approach- statistical technique to reduce information (16 PF)
- Q,
- Give examples of single trait approaches. What question to they try to answer?
- What do people with a certain personality disposition do?
- authoritariani
- Give examples of multi trait approaches. What question to they try to answer?
- Who does a certain behavior?
- California Q Set (delay of
- Give examples of essential trait approaches. What question to they try to answer?
- Try to find few traits that are truly central to the understanding of all of the others
- What 3 factors does Eysenck describe? What are they based on?
- Extraversion
- Neuroticism
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- Briefly describe the controversy regarding traits as summaries vs. explanations?
- Do traits explain individual differences or do they just provide useful ways to sure and describe observed differences?
- Describe and define each of the Big 5 traits.
- Openness- intellect
- Conscioustiousness – integrity, honesty
- What are motives according to Murray?
- Internal psycho-bio. Forces that help induce particular behavior patterns
- What is the main concern of existentialism?
- Come back to the experience of “being truly human” “being in this world”
- Core ideas of phenomenological view
- Human experiences should be taken as valid data
- Subjective experiences
- 3 reasons why bad faith is problematic
- Impossible- not avoiding answer- just choosing different one
- Immoral- ha
- What does existential responsibility entail?
- Moral imperative
- Must face your morality
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- What characterizes Humanism?
- Philosophical movement focused on PERSONAL WORTH of the individual and the CENTRALITY of human values
- How is Humanism different from Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis?
- Psychoanalysis: behavior determined by primitive instincts
- Behaviorism:
- What is a fully functioning person?
- Open to experiences
- Congruent- integration of complex aspects
- What are 3 key variables in the therapeutic process according to Rogers?
- Therapist MUST be
- Why is not everyone fully functioning?
- Anxiety- results from into that contradicts the self concept, fall short of own standards
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- Describe the main difference and similarities between Rogers and Freud’s therapeutic approaches
- Similarities: therapist/ client relationship, verbal, feelings, goal = awareness, acceptance of unconscious thoughts
- Name the sources of meaning according to Frankl
- Achievement (creating a work or doing a deed)
- Experiencing somethi
- Which needs does Maslow describe?
- B: motives (in descending order) GROWTH NEEDS
- Describe strengths and limitations of humanistic approaches
- Strengths:
- Describe 4 key elements of the humanistic approaches
- Personal responsibility
- Focus on here and now
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