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Personality Theory Final

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  1. 7 criteria of scientific studies
    1. Comprehensive
    2. Parsimonious
      1. 4 objectives of personality psychology
        1. Description
        2. Explanation
          1. What is Barnum effect?
            1. Tendency to believe vague generalities about one’s own personality
          1. What is reliability?
            1. Consistency with which a test measures
            2. Correlation between person&
          1. How can reliability be enhanced?
            1. Be careful (double check, proof read)
            2. Use consistent scripted proc
          1. Why is reliability necessary but not sufficient criterion?
            1. A reliable answer gives the same answer every time, but that does not make the answer correct
          1. What is validity?  Describe 4 forms
            1. The fact that a test measures what it says it measures
            2. Content: items
          1. What is multi trait multi method matrix?
            1. Proper test validation involves assessing various traits and utilizing multiple assessment methods
          1. What is generalizabilty?
            1. To what else does the measurement or result generalize across different

          1. Name and describe 5 forms of bias in personality measurement
            1. Response Sets

          What are shared/ not shared environmental factors?
            1. Shared = socioecon status, parenting style, divorce, community
            2. Non share
          1. What are passive, reactive and active genotype- environment conditions?
            1. Passive- everything provided by parents (create social home)
            2. Reactive- c
          1. Name and describe 3 philosophical principles that underlie behaviorism.
            1. Empiricism: all  behavior comes from experience, experience is a direct product of reality, birth mind is “tabla ra
          1. What is habituation? What is classical conditioning? What is operant conditioning?
            1. Habituation: initially strong behavioral response to a stimuli but after a while the organism gets habituated (used to) a stimuli and
          1. Give an example of generalization and discrimination.
            1. Generalization: baby smiles at person who is wearing the same perfume as his mother
            2. How does learned helplessness develop according to behaviorist ideas?
                1. Random occurrence of pos and neg stimuli, belief that “nothing matters” leads to depression
              1. What did Watson do with Little Albert?  What kind of conditioning did he use?
                1. Creation of phobias in a baby
                2. Present animal and loud noise at the s
              1. What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect?
                1. Consequence of behavior will either strengthen or weaken behavior
              1. Which reinforcement schedules are the most effective?  Why?  Give an example
                1. Partial reinforcement (variable intervals), behavior will be continued even if you stop the reinforcement, rat pressing button in Ski
              1. What is Skinner’s view on the influence of biology?
                1. Bio factors are important because they define an organism’s range of responses and ability to have behavior strengthened by the
              1. What is habit hierarchy according to Donald and Miller?
                1. The behavior of an individual is most likely to perform at a given moment resides at the top of the habit hierarchy (effects of rewar
              1. According the Donald and Miller, what are primary and secondary drives?
                1. Primary: food, water, physical comfort, avoidance of pain, sex
                2. Secondary:
              1. Describe 3 sources of drive conflict according to Donald and Miller and apply them to an example.
                1. Approach- avoidance: individual drawn to and away from an action/ object
                2. A
              1. What are the strengths and shortcomings of behaviorism?
                1. Strengths: focus attention on environmental influence, stresses importance applying principles of conditioning to each organism indiv
              1. What is Rotter’s expectancy value theory?  How does it differ from behaviorism?
                1. Will my behavior have a positive outcome?  Different from behaviorism in that the focus is on BELIEVED rewards/pun
              1. What does the likelihood of modeling depend upon?
                1. Characteristics of the model (status, power, similarity to observer)
                2. Cha
              1. Describe strength of the obsevationalist approach.
                1. Explains learning of novel behaviors without reinforcement
                2. learning of
              1. What processes underlie Bandura’s observational learning?
                1. Attention
                2. Retention
              1. How can self efficacy expectations be influenced? (4 sources)
                1. Past experiences and failures
                2. Vicarious experiences
              1. What is reciprocal determinism?
                1. Environments are changed and chosen by people (people influence their environments- not the other way around)
              1. How do Skinner and Bandura differ in their view on determinism?
                1. Skinner- environments are inflicted on people
                2. Bandura- people chose
              1. What are the central tenets of Gestalt Psychology?
                1. Human beings seek meaning in their environment
                2. Sensations are orga
              1. What is field dependence?  Describe characteristics of people high and low.  Give an example
                1. Degree to which an individual is influenced by aspects of the context
                2. Ex
              1. Describe forms of ADHD.
                1. Hyperactive/ impulsive (no attention) = inability to stop immediate reactions, disruptive behavior
                2. What is the basic idea of Personal Construct Theory (Kelly)
                    1. Every person has a set of personal constructs that they attempt to understand and predict behavior
                  1. How do constructs change (according the Kelly)
                    1. Experience and modulation corollaries (not all new experience change constructs, can be concrete or permeable)
                  1. What is the role construct repertory grid test?  Use an example to demonstrate how constructs are measured.
                    1. Experimenter makes list of 20-30 people in a person’s life
                    2. Puts t
                  Describe strengths and weaknesses of cognitive approaches
                    1. Strengths- studies uniquely human process of cognition
                    2. Weaknesses- negle
                  1. Describe Allport’s ideas about the idiographic versus nomothetic study of personality.
                    1. Idiogrpahic- focus on individual- sees this as the MORE important of the factors to study
                      1. What is Cattell’s approach to personality?
                        1. Lexical approach- statistical technique to reduce information (16 PF)
                        2. Q,
                      1. Give examples of single trait approaches.  What question to they try to answer?
                        1. What do people with a certain personality disposition do?
                        2. authoritariani
                      1. Give examples of multi trait approaches.  What question to they try to answer?
                        1. Who does a certain behavior?
                        2. California Q Set (delay of
                      1. Give examples of essential trait approaches.  What question to they try to answer?
                        1. Try to find few traits that are truly central to the understanding of all of the others
                      1. What 3 factors does Eysenck describe?  What are they based on?
                        1. Extraversion
                        2. Neuroticism
                          1. Briefly describe the controversy regarding traits as summaries vs. explanations?
                            1. Do traits explain individual differences or do they just provide useful ways to sure and describe observed differences?
                          1. Describe and define each of the Big 5 traits.
                            1. Openness- intellect
                            2. Conscioustiousness – integrity, honesty
                          1. What are motives according to Murray?
                            1. Internal psycho-bio. Forces that help induce particular behavior patterns
                          1. What is the main concern of existentialism?
                            1. Come back to the experience of “being truly human” “being in this world”
                          1. Core ideas of phenomenological view
                            1. Human experiences should be taken as valid data
                            2. Subjective experiences
                          1. 3 reasons why bad faith is problematic
                            1. Impossible- not avoiding answer- just choosing different one
                            2. Immoral- ha
                          1. What does existential responsibility entail?
                            1. Moral imperative
                            2. Must face your morality
                              1. What characterizes Humanism?
                                1. Philosophical movement focused on PERSONAL WORTH of the individual and the CENTRALITY of human values
                              1. How is Humanism different from Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis?
                                1. Psychoanalysis: behavior determined by primitive instincts
                                2. Behaviorism:
                              1. What is a fully functioning person?
                                1. Open to experiences
                                2. Congruent- integration of complex aspects
                              1. What are 3 key variables in the therapeutic process according to Rogers?
                                1. Therapist MUST be

                              1. Why is not everyone fully functioning?
                                1. Anxiety- results from into that contradicts the self concept, fall short of own standards
                                  1. Describe the main difference and similarities between Rogers and Freud’s therapeutic approaches
                                    1. Similarities: therapist/ client relationship, verbal, feelings, goal = awareness, acceptance of unconscious thoughts
                                  1. Name the sources of meaning according to Frankl
                                    1. Achievement (creating a work or doing a deed)
                                    2. Experiencing somethi
                                  1. Which needs does Maslow describe?
                                    1. B: motives (in descending order) GROWTH NEEDS

                                  1. Describe strengths and limitations of humanistic approaches
                                    1. Strengths:

                                  1. Describe 4 key elements of the humanistic approaches
                                    1. Personal responsibility
                                    2. Focus on here and now
                                    3. 1.

                                        1. People can be

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