Bio 112 TEST 3
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- Our taste buds are actually
- chemoreceptors
- A modification with humans is our ORAL CAVITY. What is our oral cavity the site of
- mechanical and chemical digestion
- Which digestive system has food come in one end and exits out the other end
- complete digestive system
- A modification with humans is our tongue. What is it loaded with
- chemoreceptors (=taste buds)
- Which digestive system has 2 openings
- complete digestive system
- During consumption of food, the ____________ is too complex, so it must be broken down ( =___________________)
- food digested
- In humans, after our food is broken down, the nutrients is shipped off to where
- our liver
- after the food is broken down (digestion) the food is absorbed into what of animals
- body fluids
- name the 2 basic designs of the digestive system
- incomplete digestive system complete digestive system
- Which digestive system has a dead end tube (only one opening) (EAT, FOOD PROCESSED, THEN THROWN BACK UP)
- incomplete dig. system (flatworms)
- Which digestive system has food and waste go in and out of same hole (ie flatworms)
- incomplete d.s.
- what is the problem with ingested food as SOON as it is taken into the body
- it is OFTEN not in a usuable form for cells of animals
- what we use for the sense, smell
- chemoreceptors
- what we use for the sense, sight
- photoreceptors
- Some (i.e. sponges and coral) sit and let food come to them. They are known to be
- sessile
- If an animal goes looking for food they use 3 senses. Name which ones they use
- smell (=chemoreceptors) sight (=photoreceptors) hearing and touch (=mechanoreceptors)
- what we use for the sense, hearing and touch
- mechanoreceptors
- since animals cant make their own food (heterotrophic) that need a system to help take care of their food. What is it called
- digestive system
- _______________ may NOT be a good characteristic for showing evolutionary relationships
- INTERNAL DESIGN
- In indeterminate cleavage, groups of cells spilt and each turn into individuals. The individuals are called
- identical twins
- Phylogenetic tree is based ______________ sequence from a small subunit ________________
- Nucleotide ribosomal RNA
- ____________ & ______________ have played important roles in showing relationships among animal phyla
- comparative anatomy embryonic development
- In deuterstomes, the fate of ____________ is NOT determined early on unlike protostomes
- embryonic cells
- in deuterostomes, the fate of the embryonic cells are not determined early... this is called
- indeterminate cleavage
- folds of archenteron(=primative gut) form coelom
- enterocoelous
- What is another name for a primative gut
- archenteron
- Body cavity from the mesodermal outpockets of the gut is called (only in deuterostomes)
- entercoelous
- The 2 developing cells that form right angles in the deuterstomes is called
- radial cleavage bilateral cleavage
- Chordates, enchinoderms protostomes or deuterostomes?
- deuterostomes
- The blastopore is the first opening or the second opening
- first
- In _________ the blastopore becomes the anus and the second becomes the mouth
- Deuterostome
- In protostomes, if the embryonic cells are separated, the cells cant turn into a complete individual. That is called
- determinate cleavage
- The fate of ______________ is determined early (ie. cells are programmed as to what they will turn into) i.e. head, eye
- embryonic cells
- IN protostomes, early embryos form by developing cells dividing diagonally to one another is called what (ONLY FOUND IN PROTOSTOMES)
- spiral cleavage
- This arises from the splitting of the MESODERM band
- Body cavity (= coelom)
- solid masses of mesoderms split to form coelom
- Schizocoelous
- Another word for cavity
- coelom
- Schizo (greek) means
- split
- In a ___________, the blastopore of the eucoelomate develops into the mouth and the 2nd opening becomes the anus
- protostome
- Mollusks, annelida, arthropods Protostomes or Deuterostomes?
- Protostomes
- Explain the 5 Characteristic that make up an animal
- 1. are multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes(have to ingest organisms or organic material that is decomposing) 2.No Cell Walls (no cellulose, lignin, etc) 3.Have unique tissues (muscle and nervous tissue) 4. reproduces sexually 5. have "HOX" Homeobox genes
- Explain what "multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes" have to do
- have to ingest organisms or organic material that is decomposing
- Since animals have no cell walls, what holds the bodies together?
- held together with EXTRACELLULAR PROTEIN (especially collagen)(=connective tissue)
- Which protein is most important in holding the body together?
- collagen (=connective tissue)
- Nervous Tissue is used for
- Impulse Conduction
- Muscle Tissue is used for what
- movement
- Namethe 3 kinds of muscles
- smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscles
- Which of the 3 muscles are used when using the tongue or diaphragm?
- skeletal muscles
- Which of the 3 muscles are used when controling body heat?
- skeletal muscles
- Collagen is a form of what
- connective tissue
- An animal produces sexually. Which stage dominates the most... haploid or diploid
- diploid
- In the sexual stage of animals the _____, ____ sperm fertilizes with the _______, ______ eggs
- smaller, flagellated sperm larger, nonmotile eggs
- What is a multicellular, hollow ball of cells that is formed while the zygote undergoes cleavage?
- blastula
- A succession of mitotic cell division leads to the formation of what when the zygote undergoes cleavage?
- a blastula
- A succession of mitotic cell division leading to the formation of a blastula happens when
- a zygote undergoes cleavage
- cleavage leads to
- a blastula
- A blastula undergoes __________.
- Gastrulation
- An example of this would be some cells migrate inward, forming tissue layers
- gastrulation
- The 2-3 germ layers form during __________.
- gastrulation
- "germ" means what
- seed
- Name the 3 germ layers and where they lie
- Endoderm --> inner layer Mesoderm--> middle layer extoderm--> outer layer The MESODERM is only found in some
- While the 3 germ layers are being formed (=gastrulation) the embryo is called what
- gastrula
- Some animals develop directly through ______________ stages into adults. Others have a __________ stage, where the young look different from the adult
- transient larval
- this is immature; looks, feeds, lives different from the adult
- Larva (s) larvae (pl) EX: tadpole, trochophore, larva of mollusks, and annelids)
- What larva grazes and feeds on algae?
- tadpole
- Animal larvae eventually undergoes ________.
- Metamorphosis
- The change from larval form to adult form is called _________.
- Metamorphosis
- What animals have the "Hox" Homeobox genes?
- all animals from sponges to complex vert. and insects
- _____________ regulates the expression of other genes.
- Hox Genes
- Homeobox genes is also called what
- Hox Genes
- Hox genes help transform _________ to animal in specific animals
- zygote
- The more Hox genes the animal has.. the __________________________________.
- more complex the animal is (Humans have more than box flies or sponges)
- What genes are similar in animals groups?
- Hox Genes
- Name the 2 different times of animals
- vert. and invert.
- Which group of animals do not show true evolutionary relationships but is still used
- artificial groups
- What kind of animals are fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals?
- Vertebrates
- This makes up 97% of all animals
- invertebrates
- WHat is found in ALL animal phyla (about 35)
- invertebrates
- Arthropods, insects, annilids,and worms are considered to be what
- invertebrates
- The animal kingdom is _______________.
- Monophyletic
- This means that all animals come from a common ancestor
- Monophyletic
- The Animal kingdom is closely related to ___________________
- a colonial flagellated protist
- The animal kingdom is considered to be monophyletic. It is thought to have split away about 1MYA during the _______________ era.
- Precambrian
- Early animals inhabited seas, then moved to _______, then moved to _________.
- fresh water Land
- Fossil records suggest that animal forms did what
- diversified relatively rapidly
- How long did the diversification last with the Animal Kingdom?
- about 35 MY between 565(Late Precambrian)-535(Early Cambrian) MYA
- When did most of the animal fossils appear in the cambrian rocks
- Cambrian Explosion (535-525 MYA)
- Where was the most rich fossil during the Precambrian Explosion found at
- China, British Columbia, and greenland
- If there are 3 tissue layers that are formed during the development of the blastopore it is called
- Triploblastic
- The ________ has the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. It is found in MOST animal phyla
- Triploblastic development
- In the PROTOSTOME development, the first opening is the _________ and the second opening is the ____________.
- 1st-> mouth 2nd-> anus
- What specialized region of the digestive system is a muscular tube that carries the food from the mouth to the stomach?
- Esophagus
- What is the specialized region of the digestive system that is at the top and bottom which regulates the flow of food?
- Sphincters
- What specialized region of the digestive system stores food where it chemically breaks it down?
- Stomach
- What specialized region of the digestive system is the site of chemical digestion and absorption?
- Small intestine
- What does food turn during its stay in the stomach (like a chunky soup)?
- Chyme
- There are two major components of composition?
- 1. cells 2. extracellular material
- Zoologists recognize about _______ animal phyla,
- 35
- ____________________ depend on clues from comparative anatomy, embryology, developmental genetics, and molecular systematics of extant species to show relationship among groups.
- Systematists
- What specialized region of the digestive system is the site of absorption of vitamins, h20, & waster storage?
- Large Intestine
- This comes in all shapes and sizes, and carries out the work of organisms.
- Cells
- Made of fluid, protein fibers, helps support, transport molecules (plasma from blood)
- Extracellular materials
- 2 main components of tissue that performs specific functions and look similar
- cells extracellular materials
- what are the 4 major types of tissue in animals
- 1.epithelial 2.Connective tissue 3. muscle tissue 4. nervous tissue
- What type of tissue -often secretes (in glands) -protects (skin)
- epithelial
- What type of tissue: - cells are close together -lines body cavities and ducts
- epithelial
- What type of tissue: -is the surface of blood vessels, mouth, glands, body cavities -absorbs (ie. digestive system, kidney)
- epithelial
- What type of tissue: - is classified by # of cells along the upper surface (=free surface)
- Epithelial
- Epithelial is classified by number and shape of cells along the upper surface. Which layer is the simple epithelium?
- single layer
- Epithelial is classified by number and shape of cells along the upper surface. Which layer is stratified
- multiple layer
- Epithelial is classified by number and shape of cells along the upper surface. Which shape is "dice=like"
- CUBOIDAL
- Epithelial is classified by number and shape of cells along the upper surface. Which shape looks like brick on the ends?
- columnar
- Epithelial is classified by number and shape of cells along the upper surface. Which shape looks flat like floor tiles
- squamous
- Which connective tissue: - cells dispersed in matrix (fluid &/or fiber matrix)
- connective tissue
- Which connective tissue: - consistency can vary from hard (bone) to fluid (bone), to cartilage (sort of hard, like ears)
- connective tissue
- Which connective tissue: - functions mainly to bind and support other tissues
- connective tissue
- Which connective tissue: - composed of long cells (fibers) that con contract
- muscle tissue
- Which connective tissue: - is the most abundant tissue in animals bc activity consumes a lot of energy
- muscle tissue
- Name the 3 different types of muscle tissue
- cardiac, skeletal, smooth
- Which connective tissue: - brings about movement (things inside as well as whole organisms)
- muscle tissue
- While using muscle tissue, one uses a tremendous amount of ___________ contracting muscles
- energy (ATP)
- which muscle helps digest food?
- smooth muscle (is found everywhere that skeletal and cardiac isnt)
- Which connective tissue: -sense stimuli and transmit signals from 1 part of the animal to the other part
- nervous tissue
- What is the nervous tissue's functional unit
- neuron (=nerve cell)
- The nervous tissue consists of a cell body of 2 or more extensions. What are they called
- dendrites and axons
- Which connective tissue: - found in brain , spinal cord, and nerves
- nervous tissue
- There are lots of variations in animal shapes , but some do have similarities (so you can make generalizations). Name the 3 symmetries
- -asymmetrical -bilateral symmetry -radial symmetry
- Which symmetry has no balance to body parts?
- asymmetry
- Sponges are the ONLY animals that have this symmetry
- asymmetry
- What type of symmetry s where the body parts radiate off of the central axis (you can't identify the left from the right, or top from the bottom)
- radial symmetry
- This symmetry has -surface with mouth (=ORAL SURFACE) -has surface with no mouth (AORAL SURFACE)
- radial symmetry
- This symmetry is found in Cnidarians, Hydra, ad Jellyfish
- Radial symmetry
- What is the most common symmetry
- bilateral symmetry
- What symmetry led to the evolution of cephalization?
- bilateral
- What symmetry is where -animal has dorsal, ventral surfaces, right and left side, head end(cephalization), and tail end
- bilateral
- which symmetry - if you cut the animal down the middle, you would have mirror images
- bilateral
- __________ has a concentration of neurons (like senses)
- Cephalization (=head end)
- name the 3 different types of internal designs in animals
- 1. Solid 2.false coelom 3. true coelom
- Which internal design has -no cavity (coelom) between the digestive system (=gut) and the body wall
- solid
- What is the name given to flat worms, ribbonworms, etc that have a SOLID internal design
- acoelomates
- Another word for false coelom is
- psuedocoelom
- Which internal design -cavity between gut and body wall but NOT completely lined with mesoderm but partially
- false coleom
- What do you call the Nematodes (roundworms) and rotifers that have a false coelom
- pseudocoelomates
- What is another word for true coelom
- eucoelom
- which internal design -coelom is completely lined with mesoderm
- true coelom
- What is the 2 advantages of true coelom
- 1.allows for organ complexity 2. holds gametes
- Most animals have what internal design
- true coelom
- What do you call mollusks, annelids, chordates, arthropods, echinoderms that have TRUE COELOM
- eucoelomates
- There are 4 different types of embryonic development. Name them
- 1 diploblastic development 2 triploblastic development 3 protostome development 4 deuterostome development
- Which embryonic development is where gastrulation leads to 2 tissue layers: ECTODERM and ENDORDERM, with a noncellular MESOGLEAS layer in the middle
- diploblastic
- In the diploblastic development, what is the name of the noncellular layer in the middle of the ectoderm and endoderm?
- Mesoglea
- Cnidarians : jellyfish, sean anemones, corals are all examples of what kind of embryonic development?
- Diploblastic development
- Which specialization is at the anterior end and stores food so one can eat a lot at one time (birds, earthworms, insects)?
- crop
- What specialization is considered to be a modified esophagus?
- gizzard
- What specialization is a muscular chamber used to mechanically digest food. (Birds add pebbles to it to help them tear up their food) Also found in DINOSAURS!!!
- gizzard
- What specialization is considered to be a modified stomach
- rumen
- What specialization houses bacteria, protist(mutualism); is the site for FERMENTATION
- rumen
- _____________ produces sugars for cows.
- fermentation
- The ________ is actually part of the esophagus but known as the modified stomach but not a true stomach
- rumen
- What specialization helps break down vegetation
- rumen
- If an animal (cow, deer, sheep) have a rumen, the animal is called
- ruminants
- What specialization is an extension of the large intestine
- cecum
- _______ means blind pouch
- cecum
- What specialization houses bacteria, helps digest plant material, and is longer in plant eaters than in meat eaters
- cecum
- What are the 4 major processes in obtaining nutrients
- 1. foraging 2.ingestion 3.Digestion 4. absorption
- The process in obtaining nutrients where : - search for food by using senses (you can spend a lot of time looking for food)
- foraging
- The process in obtaining nutrients where : - take in body food by using teeth, venom, claws, stingers, tentacles, tongues, beaks, baleen
- ingestion
- nail-like sheets that are frayed and are in whales
- baleen
- How the animal gets food often depends on how big the food is relative to the animal size. This way is : -very smell food items rel. to size (basking sharks, baleen whales)
- filter feeders
- How the animal gets food often depends on how big the food is relative to the animal size. This type of feeding is where the food is a fluid not a solid. (eg mosquitos, butterflies, hummingbirds, leeches etc)
- fluid feeders
- How the animal gets food often depends on how big the food is relative to the animal size. What type is where large food items are relative to the size of the animals?
- bulk feeders
- What type of feeders are most animals
- bulk feeders
- Humans, Great white shark, lions, phythons are examples of what kind of feeders
- bulk feeders
- An animal that eats meat is called
- carnivores
- Owls, most sharks, cats, snakes, hawks are what kind of eaters
- carnivores
- If an animal eats plants , it is called
- herbivores
- horses, gorillas, antelopes, rhinos, rabbits, rodents, are all what kind of eaters
- herbivores
- If an animal eats BOTh plants and meet it is called
- omnivores
- Bears, raccoons, cockroaches, humans are all what kind of eaters
- omnivores
- converts food to a form that can be absorbed into body fluids and utilized by cells
- digestion
- What are the 2 types of digestion?
- mechanical and chemical digestion
- Which type of digestion uses teeth and muscle (type of teeth adapted to type of food eaten)
- mechanical digestion
- In mechanical digestion, __________ works the jaws and makes up wall of digestive tube, and kneads food (peristalsis)
- muscle
- _________ is a type of SMOOTH muscle that kneads food and mixes it with chemicals during digestion (it is a wave of smooth muscle contraction)
- peristalsis --> helps move food through waste system
- Chemical digestion involves what 4 things
- water, bile, acid, enzymes
- _______ serves as a solvent for chemical breakdown as it reacts with food molecules to break them down (=hydrolysis)
- water
- When waters reacts with food molecules to break it down it is called _______.
- hydrolysis
- Hydrolysis is too slow. A _______ is needed to speed up (i.e proteins)
- enzyme
- _______ is needed to digest all major food groups ( carbohydrases, proteases, lipases, nucleases)
- enzymes
- Produced by exocrine glands (with ducts)(e.g. salivary glands, pancreas) and cells lining digestive system(stomach and intestine)
- enzymes
- __________ is always under the stomach
- pancreas
- Most of the digestion occurs ______the cell in the LUMEN of the tube (=extracellular) Enzymes spill out onto food.
- outside
- Some enzymes are secreted in an INACTIVE form. What is it called
- zymogen (eg. pepsinogen, trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen)
- It reduces self destruction (cells making active ____ would kill themselves)
- enzymes
- Pepsinogen is activated by what
- low pH
- HCl is made up by _________ cells of the gastric glands (stomach)
- parietal cells
- Pepsinogen is made by ______ cells
- chief cells
- _________ activates trypsinogen to trypsin in intestine
- enteropeptidase of the duodenal glands
- Inactive forms of pepsinogen can be activated by
- enzymes
- If _______ surrounds trypsinogen it turns into trypsin.
- enteropeptidase
- trypsin actives _____
- all other forms inactive forms in the lumen
- The main advantage of HCl is what
- it kills foreign agents that can hurt us (stomach pH)
- _____ activates pepsinogen
- Hcl
- HCl denatures (=unfolds) proteins to expose __________
- peptide bonds
- Produced by liver and stored in gall bladder (often green)
- bile
- Emulsifying agent (like soap) bc it converts fat globules to droplets
- bile
- bile contains
- bile salts (pigments frm the breakdown of RBC)
- Digestion occurs from _______ to _______.
- mouth to large intestine
- The bacteria that lives in the intestine aids in digestion of __________. This is a form of MUTUALISM
- carbohydrates
- What is the most common bacteria that lives in out intestine and gut
- E coli
- Bacteria synthesizes what 2 vitamins
- B and K
- What 3 things in mammals increase surface area for absorption during digestion
- Circular folds, villi, microvilli
- ________ occurs after digestion
- absorption
- During which stage of digestion is the nutrient molecules small enough to get into the body fluids?
- absorption
- During absorption, nutrients move between and thru _________
- cells lining the intestine
- Villi is velvet like... and has _______ on it
- Microvilli
- ________ has villi on it. Villi has microvilli on it
- Circular folds
- Absorption occurs in what 2 mechanisms
- active mech. passive mech.
- During absorption, GLUCOSE, AMINO ACIDS, DIPEPTIDES, and VITAMINS (which come from food digested) are ______________ transported thru what layer
- actively epithelial
- During absorption, FRUCTOSE, FATTY ACIDS, and WATER are _________ in through the __________ layer
- diffused (making it passive) epithelial layer
- Absorption: once amino acids and sugars get into the blood, it gets shipped to the_____________
- liver
- Fatty acids and glycerol reform in cells, become coated with protein, mixes with cholesterol to become __________
- chylomicrons
- Chylomicrons get picked up by _________ then shipped to the blood
- lacteals of lymphatic
- Chylomicrons get picked up by lacteals of lymphatic then shipped to ________
- blood
- What is the longest part of the digestive system?
- small intestine
- Most absorption occurs in the ____________
- small intestine IT IS 6 METERS (20FT)!
- After the small intestine, nutrients go to the _______ to be processed
- liver
- Liver helps regulate ______ levels in the blood so that it stays constant
- sugar levels
- Live stores sugars as _______.
- glycogen
- What percentage of the meal is absorbed UNLESS it is a lot of plnt material
- 80-90%
- 80-90 % of a meal is absorbed but __________ % is used to process the food (muscle movement, making chemicals, foraging costs, etc)
- 3-30%
- Which intestine is used for storage
- large
- The passage of solid waste that can't be used is called
- elimination
- ________ move out wastes.
- muscles (peristalsis)
- during fermentation of food, ________ cells reduces friction and prevents tearing inthe digestive tubes.
- Goblet cells
- The brain has a center in the hypothalamus that makes one fell hungry or full. What is the center called
- satiety center
- Another word for fullness level is
- satiety level
- In the ENDOCRINE system, name the 3 hormones that suppress the appetite and the 1 that stimulates
- Leptin PYY INSULIN GHRELIN
- Which hormone (in the endocrine system) is secreted by fat cells, helps regulates fat storage
- leptin
- Which hormone (in the endocrine system) is from the intestine after the meal, inhibits the motility of the gut
- PYY
- Which hormone (in the endocrine system) from the pancreas and increases after a meal
- insulin
- Which hormone (in the endocrine system) from the stomach when hungry, STIMULATES hunger
- ghrelin
- What starts gall bladder contraction
- Cholecystokinin ((CKK)
- what is the first hormone ever discovered
- secretin
- which 4 hormones affect digestion
- gastrin cholecystokinin (CKK) secretin enterogastrone
- which hormones that affect digestion : - is secreted by the stomach and stimulates the secretion of DIGESTIVE Enzymes
- gastrin
- gastrin stimulates the secretion of _______
- digestive enzymes
- which hormones that affect digestion : - stimulates bile and pancreatic enzyme secretion
- cholecystokinin (CKK) it is an intestinal hormone
- CKK (choleycystokinin) _______ bile and pancreatic enzyme secretion
- stimulates
- which hormones that affect digestion :stimulates pancrease which dumps in the bicarbonate that helps neutralize acid chyme coming from the stomach
- secretin (intestine hormone)
- which hormones that affect digestion : -INHIBITS peristalsis, acid secretion
- enterogastrone (an intestinal hormone)
- name the 3 things that nutrients are used for
- growth repair energy
- What is it called when nutrients are used to help replace constanly dying cells
- repair
- What is it called when nutrients provide materials to make new cells and tissues
- growth
- what is it called when nutrients are used to do work (make new molecules, move)
- energy
- _____ is needed for staying awake and for basic functions
- energy
- What is the BASAL METABOLIC RATE of humans
- 2,000 calories per day
- If nutrients are not met _______
- undernourished
- Animals need specific nutrients. If it cant be made/synthesized = ______________
- essential nutrients
- if you dont get essential nutrients = ______________
- malnourished
- if you get more nutrients than needed (which leads to diabetes, heart disease, none and joint problems, etc)
- overnourished
- 5 major nutrient types
- 1.Carbohydrates 2.proteins 3.fats 4.vitamins 5.minerals
- The nutrient ________ is used for energy
- carbohydrates
- the nutrient _____ is used to make tissues and enzymes
- proteins
- the nutrient ______ is used for energy storage, insulation, and protecton
- fats
- which nutrient is organic and is need in small amounts (divided into 2 groups)
- vitamins
- what are the 2 groups that vitamins are divided up into
- water soluble vitamins( C,B) fat soluble ( A, D, E, K)
- which type of vitamin aids in enzyme function (C and B vit.)
- water soluble vitamins (it helps with enzyme functions to carry out metabolic rate)
- Which type of vitamin is with vit. A,D,E,K
- FAT SOLUBLE
- Vitamin ______ is important in blood clotting
- K
- Vitamin ______ is an antioxidant that helps prevent damage to lipids of CELL MEMBRANES
- E
- Vitamin ______ aids in absorption and use of calcium and phosphorus PROMOTES BONE GROWTH
- D
- Vitamin _____ deals with retinal
- A
- _______ are small organic non-protein molecules that carry groups between _________
- coenzymes enzymes
- name the 8 minerals needed for nutrients
- 1. calcium 2.phosphorus 3. sulfur 4. potassium 5. chlorine 6. sodium 7. magnesium 8. iron
- Cell has constant requirements to stay alive and function. What are 4 of them
- nutrients, oxygen, water, ions
- ____________ transports cell requirements
- circulatory system
- If an animal can take care of their cellular needs without a circulatory system, their body allows for ______________
- simple diffusion
- MOst animals have a _____________ for transporting vital substances ( nutrients, gases, wastes, hormones) through the body
- circulatory system
- 2 kinds of circulatory systems
- open and closed
- Internal organs surrounded by sinuses (spaces), bathed in blood, heart with blood vessels (found in insects, crayfish, gastropods, bivalves)
- open cir. system
- -Blood always confined in vessels -blood under greater pressure, circulates faters (found in vert. and earthworms)
- closed cir. system
- 4 major components of the vert. cir. system
- 1.heart 2.arteries 3.capillaries 4. veins
- What makes up the heart of a vert.
- atria and ventricles could have 1-2 of both
- What part of the major components of the vert. cir. system is a very muscular wall where blood is under the HIGEST pressure and highest velocity
- arteries
- _____ carries blood away from the heart
- arteries
- Arteries branches into _______ and then into ________
- arterioles capillaries
- These are the smallest vessels in the circulatory system, so the blood moves slow
- capillaries
- Site of exchange between blood and tissue fluid
- capillaries
- ________ carries blood toward the heart
- veins
- Veins are joined to capillaries by ________
- venules (small veins)
- Vein's pressure is _______ than arteries.
- less than
- vein's velocity is ______ than capillaries, and is _______ than arteries
- faster than less than
- Vein's muscle layer is ______ than arteries
- less than
- Veins have _________ which prevent back flow
- valves
- ______ muscles squeezes veins ("milk") which helps returns blood to the heart
- skeletal muscles
- Blood flow dynamics: Put Capillaries, Arteries and Veins in order by area
- C > V> A
- Blood flow dynamics: Put Capillaries, Arteries and Veins in order by velocity
- A > V> C
- Blood flow dynamics: Put Capillaries, Arteries and Veins in order by pressure
- A >C >V
- IN the circulation pathways, in what order does the single circuit system's blood flow (fish)
- heart -> respiratory organ -> body -> heart
- IN the circulation pathways, in what order does the double circuit system flow (amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals)
- Heart-> respiratory organ -> heart -> body
- The heart is composed of what kind of muscle
- cardia
- the valves between the atria and ventricles is called
- atrioventricular valves
- IN the heart, the ____ is thin walled
- atria
- IN the heart, the _____ is thick walled
- venrticles
- What are the valves called between the ventricles and aorta, pulmonary trunk
- semilunar valves
- In a heartbeat, the first d sound is from the ________ valve and the second is from the ___________ valve
- atrioventricular semilunar
- If you have a defected valve, you have a
- heart murmur
- The right side of the ventricles is going to where
- the lungs and back
- The left side of the ventricles is going to where
- the body and back
- What is the humans pulse
- 65-75
- What is an inverse relationship between heart rate and size?
- pulse
- What is an elephants pulse
- 25
- what is a shrew's pulse
- 600
- ________ is self excitable, but the nervous system regulates it.
- cardiac muscle
- specialized tissue that conducts electrical impulses through the heart
- conductive tissue
- If the heart is damaged, it can be studied with
- ECG (electrocardiograph)
- The P wave is the
- atrium
- T - wave is for
- repolarization
- How long does the heart cycle last
- 0.8 seconds
- during the heart cycle (.8 seconds) how long does heart relax? and what is it called
- 0.4 sec diastole
- QRS wave is for the
- ventricles
- during the heart cycle (.8 seconds) how long does the atria contract and what is it called
- 0.1 second (systole)
- during the heart cycle (.8 seconds) how long does the ventricles contract and what is it called
- 0.3 seconds (systole)
- during the heart cycle (.8 seconds) , what is the most important part?
- systole (ventricles contract)
- do the atria and ventricles pump at the same time?
- yes
- During the capillary exchange, the heart beat creates ____________ in the capillaries
- hydrostatic pressure
- Capillary exchange --> pressure at the arterial end is _____________ than the venous end by what numbers
- greater than 32 vs 15
- in Capillary exchange , _______ is the negative force .
- albumin
- _______ is a protein in yur plasma
- albumin
- during the capillary exchange more is going out than coming in, ________ fixes it
- lymphatic system
- In the capillary exchange, pressure forces fluid out into ________________.
- Tissue spaces (which carries the nutrient, ions, etc)
- if pressure drops during the cap. exchange,
- fluid will not move out properly
- f pressure is too high during the cap. exchange,
- the vessel could rupture
- Albumin in blood creates _____________.
- osmotic pressure (22mm Hg)
- what is aword that means "swelling"
- adema
- _____________ picks up excess fluid, and transports it back to the blood
- lymphatic system
- Lymphatic system has lots of
- lymphatic vessels
- blood is composed of 2 things
- Plasma 55% Cellular elements 45%
- In plasma, what has the function as a solvent for carrying other substances
- water
- In plasma, names the 6 ions that act as an osmotic balance, pH buffering, and regulation of the membrane
- sodium potassium calcium magnesium chloride bicarbonate
- In plasma, there are 3 proteins. Which one acts as an osmotic balance and pH buffering
- albumin
- In plasma, there are 3 proteins. Which one clots
- fibrinogen
- In plasma, there are 3 proteins. Which one is used for a defense
- antibodies
- plasma make what percent of blood
- 55
- cellular elements make up what percent of blood
- 45
- 3 things that make up cellular elemts in the blood
- RBC WBC Platelets
- What is the disease of heart and blood vessels (half of the deaths in the US)
- cardiovascular disease
- heart attacks is cause by
- thrombus or embolus
- what is a blood clot in the vessel called (in heart)
- thrombus
- what is a blood clot that forms then moves
- embolus
- if thrombus and embolus blocks coronary artery =
- heart attack
- if thrombus and embolus blocks artery to brain =
- stroke
- this means "brain deprived from oxygen"
- ischemic
- If you spill blood out of veins and it clots =
- hemorrhagic
- restriction of diameter of arteries through the accumulation of fatty plaques (bc of your diet)
- atherosclerosis
- plaque in veins become harden by __________
- calcium
- high blood pressure = breaking of the capillaries = ?
- hypertension
- if you have high blood pressure (=hypertension), you could have
- high cholesterol
- What are 4 things that causes high blood pressure
- genetic smoking lack of exercise high animal fat in diet
- gas exchange is called ____________
- respiration
- What are the two sources of oxygen that are respiratory mediums
- air and water
- What is the name of the gas exchange that is skin breathing (earthworms, some amphibians)
- cutaneous gas exchange
- Cutaneous gas exchange allows skin to be moist for _____________ of gases
- diffusion
- In cutaneous gas exchange, blood flows through ________ in skin
- blood vessels
- Name the 4 organs of gas exchange
- 1cutaneous gas exchange 2.gills 3.tracheae 4.lungs
- what is the tiny air holes throughout the insect's body which allows for gases directly with cells
- tracheae
- T or F : Lung are bloody
- true
- what is an internal sac used for gas exchange
- lungs
- Pharynx is the
- throat
- What is the opening to the trachea
- glottis
- ________ leads to the larynx
- glottis
- Voice box, adam's apple, wall of cart. , contains vocal cords that is all called the
- larynx
- the wind pipe (which has rings of cart to keep it open)
- trachea
- forks of trachea that leads into a smaller bronchioles
- bronchi
- What is the sac closely related to the capillaries ( look liek a grap cluster)
- alveoli
- Where is the actual site of gas exchange (o2 in, co2 out)
- alveoli
- This makes up the majority of the lung tissue
- alveoli
- Around each alveoli sac is a ________________
- capillary bed
- lungs are located in what cavity
- thoracic
- Another for ventilation is
- breathing
- when air moves in it is called INHALATION .... what is another word for it
- inspiration
- During inhalation, what moves down, so the rib cage can expand
- diaphragm
- during inhalation, volume of the chest cavity ____________ and the pressure of the lungs __________.
- increases decreases
- air SUCKED into lungs = ?
- bulk flow mechanism
- inhalation creates ______ pressure
- neg.
- When air moves out , it is called exhalation... wat is another name for it
- expiration
- During exhalation, the _______ moves up (relaxes) and the rib muscles relax
- diaphragm
- during exhalation, the volume of the chest cavity is ____________
- decreased
- exhalation creates ______ pressure in the lungs relative to the outside
- positive
- brains regions are called (2 things)
- pons medulla oblongata
- The pons and medulla oblongata contain the
- respiratory center (=nervous system regulation)
- __________ send impulses to diaphragm and rib muscles which leads to a ___________.
- respiratory centers contraction
- Respiratory centers are sensitive to ______ in body fluids (rel. to CO2 levels)
- pH levels
- When running and breathing hard... it is due to a decrease in _____________
- pH levels