Issues in Planning 2
Terms
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Consequences of the rush to the suburbs were shrinkage of central cities,
______ of employment, ______ of poverty and increase in
family break-up and crime in central ______.
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SUBURBANIZATION
URBANIZATION
CITIES - The underlying theme in the 19th century urbanization was ______; i.e., movement of people, jobs and resources to the city.
- CENTRALIZATION
- The underlying theme in the 20th century urbanization was ______; i.e., movement of people, jobs and resources out of the city to outlying areas.
- DE-CENTRALIZATION
- During the commercial era only ______% of total population lived in cities. Cities were compact and ranged in population of ______. They were located on: ______ and Social classes were: ______
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5-15
6,000-12,000
PORTS
MIXED - The economic base of the industrial city was manufacturing and they had concentrated areas of industry. The center of activity moved away from the transport accessible ______ to large ______ areas. These cities had different neighborhoods for different so
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PORT
DOWNTOWN
CLASSES
- The elements of early master planning were land ______, streets, rail and transit, public ______ and civic ______.
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USE
RECREATION
ART - 8. The main elements of the Garden City were a system of ______ connected by rail lines; industry and ______ zones; civic functions at the city core and a ______ boundary.
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NEW TOWNS
AGRICULTURAL
GROWTH - Eminent domain is based on the 5th amendment that states the owner must be compensated for the value of what is taken
- COMPENSATED
- the ______ amendment states that if they cannot come to an agreement, the ______ decides the property value.
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14th
COURT - ______ ______ is known as the “Father of Zoning.â€
- EDWARD M BASSETT
- ______ was designed to protect people from unwanted or incompatible development, legal challenge; and uncongenial neighbors to the ______ family dwelling.
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ZONING
SINGLE - The Reclamation Act of ______ converted arid federal land into agricultural productive land to encourage individual families to settle in the West.
- 1902
- The Ordinance of ______ created 6x6 mi townships; 1 sq. mi sections- 640 acres to be farms.
- 1785
- In addition to working in local governments, planners can also be consultants and work in ______ firms.
- PRIVATE
- The five types of planners are: builder of community ______, entrepreneur, advocate, neutral public ______, and agent of radical change.
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CONSENSUS
SERVANT - Planners report to these three entities: ______ board, community legislative body, and chief ______ official.
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PLANNING
ELECTED - To engage the public, planners use various approaches including: visioning, charettes, and scenarios in ______ meetings and presentations.
- PUBLIC
- The famous public housing project that won an AIA award was ______ ______.
- PRUITT IGOE
- The majority of new private communities built in the US are built as ______ communities.
- GATED
- The cheapest form of housing is known as ______ ______ ______ (SRO).
- SINGLE ROOM OCCUPANCY
- The ______ of participation describes the degree to which public participation processes achieves true empowerment.
- LADDER
- The Government’s right to take property for public purposes is called ______ ______.
- EMINENT DOMAIN
- The right of the community to regulate the activities of private parties to protect the interest of the public is called ______ ______.
- POLICE POWER
- According to the Constitution, legitimate types of public interest that the government can regulate are ______, safety and ______ ______.
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HEALTH
PUBLIC WELFARE - The two court cases that established that REGULATION IS NOT A TAKING, were ______ v. Kansas and ______ v. Sebastian.
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MUGLER
HADACHECK - The first comprehensive zoning ordinance was in ______ ______ in year 1916.
- NEW YORK
- Cumulative zoning that allows the specific category of use + all higher zones is called ______ or pyramid zoning.
- EUCLIDIAN
- The land-mark court cases for exclusionary zoning and rights of non-residents are the Mt. ______ cases.
- LAUREL
- Basic controls imposed by traditional zoning are use, ______ and bulk.
- DENSITY
- The use of land-use controls to keep out types of activity that will bring more costs than revenues is called ______ zoning.
- FISCAL
- The two most powerful tools to carrying out the physical side of a plan are ______ investment and ______ use controls.
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CAPITAL
LAND - In 1974, Urban Renewal Act was replaced by Housing and Community ______ Act which reduced the role of ______ ______ in community affairs.
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DEVELOPMENT
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT - Environmental ______ is about making sure that no one should bear a disproportionate share of the negative environmental consequences of land development.
- JUSTICE
- Euclid vs Ambler Realty
- Court case that established zoning
- Mount Laurel Cases
- Exclusionary housing
- transfer of development rights
- controlled conversion of blocks of land into build-able lots
- subdivision regulations
- allowing higher densities in return for providing certain uses or amenities
- Bonus or incentive zoning
- Development charges to compensate for costs imposed on the community
- State Enabling legislation
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Legislation that defines local planning function
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Flexible negotiated zoning that allows for mixed use
- PUD
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designating sending and receiving areas to direct development to appropriate places.
- Exactions