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kim psych exam 1

Terms

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Birth of Psychology
1879 Wilheim Wundt (German) father of psychology petitioned to have it be a separate discipline Physiology + Philosophy= Body + Soul
Structuralism
Edward Titchener Analyze consciousness into basic elements
Introspection
Element of structuralism Careful systematic observations of one's own conscious experience
Functionalism
William James Investigate function of consciousness Led to investigation of mental testing, developmental patterns, and sex differences
Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud (Austrian) Emphasis on unconscious processes influencing behavior Unconscious = outside awareness
Freud's Ideas
Behavior influenced by unconscious Unconscious conflict r/t sexuality plays a central role in behavior influence on psych, lit, art
Behaviorism
John Watson (US) Only what you could study or see Psych is scientific study of behavior: only what you can study or see Study of consciousness abandoned
John Watson & Nature-Nurture
NURTURE give me babies & I'll make them into whatever I want
BF Skinner
Free will is an illusion Environmental factors determine behavior Positve outcomes: repeated Negative outcomes: Not
Humanism
Opposes both psychoanalysis & Behaviorism Dehumanizing Maslow & Rodgers in the 1950's Optimistic: freedom & personal growth
Applied psychology
Everyday practical problems
Clinical Psychology
diagnose & treat problems WWII & the VA
cognition
mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge Application of scientific method to studying internal mental events Piaget, Chomsky, Simon
Biological perspective
behavior explainded in terms of physiological processes Olds, Sperry
Cultural Psychology
recognizes human variation 1980's: increased interest in how cultural factors influence behavior
Evolutionary Psychology
Human adaptation Natural selection occurs for behavioral as well as physical characteristics 1980's & 90's Mating preferences, jealousy, aggression, sexual behavior, learning, decision making, personlity & development
Positive Psychology
Martin Seligman Humanist concerns revisited Uses theory & research to better understand the positive creative and fulfilling aspects of human existence POSITIVE traits
7 major areas of research
Developmental Social Cognitive Personality Psychometrics Physiological Experimental
4 major areas of applied
Clinical Counseling Educational Industrial/Organizational
7 unifying themes
Psych is empirical Psych is theoretically diverse Evolves in sociohistorical context Behavior is determined by multiple causes Behavior is shaped by cultural heritage Influenced jointly by heredity & environment People's experience of the world is highly subjective
SQ3R
Survey Question Read Recite Review
Critical Thinking
Purposeful, reasoned, goal directed thinking Involves: cognitive & emotional component
Scientific method
Formulate Select method & design Collect the data Analyze data & draw conclusions Report findings
Correlation
Correlation does not = causation Negative vs. positive correlation correlation coefficient closer to + or - 1 = stronger correlation, pos or neg
Biases in Research
Sampling bias Placebo effects Distortion in self-report data Experimenter bias
Descriptive methods
Naturalistic observation Case studies Surveys
Action potential
Shift in balance as positively charged sodium ions flow into negatively charged cell All or None
Limbic system functions
Parts of thalamus & hypothalamus; Hippocampus amygdala Experience of emotions, fear, pleasure centers "seat of emotion"
Broca's area
speech production
Wernicke's area
language comprehension
medulla
breathing & circulation
pons
sleep & arousal
cerebellum
fine muscle movement, balance
thalamus
relay center for incoming & outgoing signals
hypothalamus
regulates hunger, thirst, temperature control
amygdala
limbic: rage, emotions, aggression
hippocampus
limbic, learning & memory
temporal
hearing
occipital
vision
parietal
somatosensory
frontal
motor cortex
prefrontal cortex
executive control system

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