Jr. Horsebowl Questions
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- How much water will a 1,000 pound horse drink per day?
- 10- 12 gallons per day
- In extremely cold weather, which will produce more body heat when eaten, hay or grain?
- Hay produces more heat
- What are the 2 basic classifications of forages?
- Legumes & grasses
- What is the most important factor affecting the quality of a forage at the time of harvesting?
- Stage of maturity
- What is the most common method used to process forages?
- Baling
- What is the oldest & most common method of selecting hay?
- Visual appraisal
- What is the most economical source of supplemental protein?
- Soybean meal
- What are the 2 most important dietary energy components in feeds?
- Fats & carbohydrates
- What is the most commonly cubed forage?
- alfalfa
- What is the device used to collect samples for analysis in baled hay?
- Bale probe or bale core
- What is the deficient amino acid in hays & grains?
- Lysine
- Typically horses receive nutrients for what 3 general sources?
- Hay, pastures & grains
- Which feed is used extensively in diets for horses that have respiratory problems such as heaves?
- Beet pulp
- What is probably the simplest & least expensive dry method of processing grains?
- Grinding
- Which nutrients are usually considered to be the body's fuel?
- Energy nutrients (carbohydrates & fats)
- Describe the color of a good quality hay.
- Bright, leafy green
- Where is most of the nutrient value found in hays?
- Leaves
- What is the most readily available grain in most sections of the country?
- Corn
- What type of hay is the best hay for horses?
- Good quality grass-legume mixed hay
- Which hays tend to be the least dusty?
- Good grass hay
- What are the 2 basic types of forages?
- Grasses & legumes
- Name the 2 minerals that the horse relies most heavily on for bone formation.
- Calcium & phosphorus
- Name the 2 basic classifications of forages.
- Legumes & grasses
- Name 2 ways that barley & milo should be processed before using them in a horse feed.
- Crimped or rolled (milo can also be ground)
- Pelleting hay can reduce the storage space requirements by how much?
- Up to 75%
- How much more digestible energy is contained in grains than in hays?
- Grains have 50 -60% more
- Which nutrient plays an important role in physiology of performance horses & is essential for fluid balance, nerve & muscle functions & acid-base balance?
- Minerals
- Lysine is a type of what nutrient?
- Protein (amino acid)
- Name 2 disadvantages of feeding straight oats for grain.
- Cost per unit of energy & variations in quality
- Which feed by-product is made by drying the residual beet chips after the sugar has been extracted?
- Beet pulp
- If you put extruded & pelleted feed each in a separate container of equal volume, which would weigh more?
- Pelleted feeds may weigh twice as much as extruded feeds
- In feeding management, what is the wicking effect?
- Uptake of ground moisture into a bale of hay
- What nutrients are harder for an older horse to digest?
- Proteins, phosphorus, fiber
- What are 5 forms of harvested forages?
- Square bales, round bales, hay cubes, chopped hay, pelleted hay & silage
- How can the likelihood of blister beetle poisoning be reduced when feeding alfalfa hay from the southwest?
- Feed early season first cutting alfalfa
- How many mineral elements are required in diets of horses?
- 21
- What percent of protein should be in a suckling foal's creep feed?
- 16 - 18% protein
- How much concentrate can be fed at one time?
- Never more than 0.75% of the horse's body weight
- What is quidding?
- Dropping partially chewed feed from the mouth
- Which nutrient is commonly involved as co-factors for the enzymes that convert fat & carbohydrates into energy?
- Vitamins
- Feral & other free-ranging horses will spend how long grazing per day in good forage?
- 10 - 12 hours
- What is the form of stored fuel for exercise of high intensity & short duration?
- Glycogen
- What is the primary site for digestion & absorption of fats?
- Small intestines
- What is the average weight of a small bale of hay?
- 40 - 80 pounds
- What is the maximum amount of concentrates that should be fed at any one feeding?
- No more than .75% of horse's body weight
- How many different minerals are required in the diet of horses & what are the 2 classifications of them?
- 21 different minerals classified as micro & macro (major) minerals
- What class of nutrients do thiamine, riboflavin & folic acid belong to?
- Vitamins
- Which nutrient is an important structural component for muscle tissue, growth & tissue maintenance?
- Proteins
- What is the term for the units of measure that describes the amount of energy needed by a horse & is equal to 1,000 calories?
- Megacalories
- There are considerable differences in density among horse feeds. Therefore, feeding measurements should not be by volume but by what method?
- Feed by weight
- When does a pregnant mare have the greatest nutritional requirements?
- During the third trimester of her gestation period
- What are the organic compounds required in small amounts for the normal functioning of the body that are classified as fat soluble and water soluble?
- Vitamins
- What is a by-product of sucrose refined from sugar cane, sugar beets or from the manufacture of dried citrus pulp?
- Molasses
- What are the 21 different elements found in organic ash of feeds after burning off the organic matter?
- Minerals
- What are oat groats?
- Oats with the hulls removed
- If the percentage of protein in the form of lysine is higher in animal products such as dried skim milk & fish meal, why is soybean meal more commonly used?
- Soybean meal is considerably less expensive
- Do most grains have more calcium or phosphorus?
- 6 - 8 times more phosphorus
- Which type of hay should not be fed to horses with kidney problems?
- Alfalfa
- What are the 2 classifications of amino acids?
- Essential & Non-essential
- When buying or selling & using a hay analysis report, what factor should be a prime consideration?
- RFV (relative feeding value)
- Grain processing may be roughly divided into 2 categories, name them.
- Dry processing & wet processing
- What is the primary objective of most grain processing methods?
- To improve the availability of starch
- What factor is determined by the amount of seed heads of grasses & the flowers of legumes are present at the time of harvest?
- Stage of maturity
- What part of alfalfa provides the most nutrition?
- Its leaves
- What percent of fat in the diet can a horse tolerate & use for energy?
- 10 - 15%
- What method of processing feeds forces ground feeds through a die under pressure & steam heat & produces a feed that has the consistency of dry dog food?
- Extruded
- Name 2 grains that must be processed before feeding.
- Rye, milo, barley & wheat
- Name a way feed might be processed to aid in digestion for older horses or horses with poor teeth.
- Ground, crimped or pelleted
- What are the 5 types of nutrients?
- Water, energy (carbohydrates & fats), protein, vitamins, minerals
- How much of the adult horse's body is made up of water?
- 65 - 75%
- How much of the foal's body is made up of water?
- 75 - 80%
- A loss of what percent of the body's total water content can be fatal?
- 12 - 15%
- Fresh green pasture contains about how much water?
- 75%
- How long can a horse live without water?
- Few days
- How long can a horse live without food?
- Few weeks
- Feeds that are low in fiber & high in TDN are called what?
- Concentrates
- Feeds that are high in fiber & low in TDN are called what?
- Forages
- What is the general term for the less digestible form of carbohydrates found in foodstuffs?
- Fiber
- What is the complex compounds of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen, which mainly supply building material for the body?
- Proteins
- What is the compounds of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen, which mainly supply energy to the body?
- Carbohydrates
- What is the term for the entire feed allowed to an animal during a 24 hour day whether all is given at one time or at different times?
- Ration
- What is the term for a ration that contains all of the digestible nutrients that will properly nourish an animal for 24 hours?
- Balanced ration
- What is the term for a ration that furnishes just enough of each of the nutrients required to support an animal, which is doing no work & yielding no product, so that it will neither gain nor lose weight?
- Maintenance ration
- What is the sum of the digestible protein, digestible carbohydrates & digestible fat?
- TDN
- What is the term for that which is left in a feed sample after the water has been removed?
- Dry matter
- What is the term for the minerals that are needed in very small amounts for the normal functioning of the body?
- Trace minerals
- What do the initials, CHO stand for in regards to nutrients?
- Carbohydrates
- Which of the nutrients is the primary energy nutrient?
- Carbohydrates
- Name 2 examples of simple carbohydrates.
- Sugars & starches
- Name a complex carbohydrate.
- Cellulose
- Which type of carbohydrates would most commonly be found in molasses, grains & lush young grasses?
- Simple carbohydrates
- Digested fats are very dense & provide how much more usable energy than carbohydrates?
- 2.25 times more
- What is the by-product feed produced from the outer layer of the wheat kernel?
- Wheat bran
- Which nutrients are required to give power to muscles, the brain & the digestive system?
- Energy nutrients (carbohydrates & fats)
- Excess fat that is eaten is stored as what?
- Fat
- Dry matter is what is left in a feed sample after what has been removed?
- Water
- What are the "building blocks" of proteins from which the bodies are built?
- Amino acids
- What are the material that forms the protein in all body tissues?
- Amino acids
- Proteins consist of long chains of what materials?
- Amino acids
- When are proteins broken down into amino acids?
- During digestion
- Without iron in the blood, what could not be carried to the body cells?
- Oxygen
- What are considered to be the body's "building blocks"?
- Proteins
- How are amino acids carried to the muscle, internal organs, bones, blood, skin & hair to be used to form body tissues?
- Carried by the blood
- Beta carotene is converted in the body into which vitamin?
- Vitamin A
- What is the term for minerals that are needed in larger amounts?
- Macro-minerals
- What is the term for minerals that are needed in tiny amounts?
- Trace or micro-minerals
- Name the vitamin that the horse gets from the sunlight or from sun cured hays & uses this vitamin for making strong bones.
- Vitamin D
- What term describes the feed nutrients such as calcium, phosphorus, copper, sodium & iron?
- Minerals
- There are two main forms of forages, one is dry forages such as hays & straw, what is the other form of green forage?
- Pastures
- What is a common problem with hay that can cause breathing problems for the horse & makes the hay not taste very good?
- Too much dust in hay (or mold in hay)
- In very cold weather, which will produce more body heat & keep the horse warmer -- feeding more grain, more hay or more salt?
- Hay
- What is the normal body temperature of a normal healthy adult horse?
- 100 - 101.5 degrees
- What is the normal pulse or heart rate for a normal healthy adult idle horse?
- 45 - 60 beats per minute
- What is the normal breathing or respiration rate for a normal adult healthy idle horse?
- 8 - 15 breaths per minute
- Which part of grasses can be used to determine its stage of maturity?
- Head of the grass
- In referring to nutrients, what to the initials, Ca stand for?
- Calcium
- Dehydrated forages are made by processing lush-growing, highly nutritious forages through a heated dryer called what?
- Dehydrator
- Which type of forage is used mostly as vitamin & protein supplements, a high fiber content & are processed through a heated dryer?
- Dehydrated forages
- Horses should be rotated to fresh pastures, how often?
- Every 2 weeks
- Which grain is high in TDN but is low in protein, fiber, calcium & phosphorus?
- Corn
- What health problem can be caused by feeding dusty hay?
- Heaves or respiratory problems
- What should be suspected if you find dull, dark hay with dust & mold inside the bale of hay to be purchased?
- Hay was baled before it was dry enough
- Name a dehydrated forage.
- Alfalfa leaf meal
- Hay that is baled too wet may have fermentation within the bale, which sometimes can cause what serious problem within the hay loft?
- Fire from spontaneous combustion
- What is the general percentage of molasses that is added to commercially mixed grain rations?
- 5 - 15%
- Excessive exposure to sunlight & air can decrease the content of which nutrient in hay?
- Carotene (Vitamin A)
- Finely ground corn should not be fed alone, because it may increase the risk of what problem?
- Colic
- What are 2 physical forms in which salt may be offered to horses for consumption?
- Block & loose
- Allowing a hot horse to drink large quantities of water, may cause what problem?
- Founder (laminitis)
- Name 2 ways milo can be fed to horses.
- Crushed or ground
- Which part of legumes can be used to determine its stage of maturity?
- Bud or bloom
- Why should you feed more hay in the winter than grain if grain has a higher energy content?
- Fermentative digestion of hay produces more body heat & keeps horse warmer
- It is a good idea to feed what prior to placing horses in good pasture for the first time in the spring?
- Hay before turning them into the pasture
- In winter a horse should not be forced to eat snow to meet its water needs. How much snow would have to be eaten to equal one quart of water?
- 12 quarts of snow
- When classifying feeds, into which category do grains, energy-rich supplements, by-product feeds, vitamin & mineral supplements fall?
- Concentrates
- When classifying feeds, into which category do pastures & hays fall?
- Forages
- Which of the 2 main forms of forages has a higher dry matter content?
- Dry forages
- Corn, oats, by-product feeds & supplemental vitamins, minerals or protein would be classified in which of the 3 main types of feeds?
- Concentrates
- Grass & legume hays, straw & pastures would be classified into which of the 3 main types of feeds?
- Forages
- Dicalcium phosphate is a good source of which 2 minerals?
- Calcium & phosphorus
- A horse weight tape can be used to estimate the weight of a horse by measuring where on the horse?
- Around the heart girth
- An excess of which mineral can interfere with the complete utilization of phosphorus in a ration?
- Calcium
- What is the term for the "hard to digest" carbohydrates in grasses?
- Cellulose
- What is the component that minerals have that vitamins lack?
- Carbon
- Fats are higher in the percentage of which 2 elements than carbohydrates?
- Carbon & hydrogen
- Hay that is pale yellow or of a brownish color, is likely to have what happened to it prior to baling?
- Rained on or baled before it was dry
- Hay stored indoors for one to two years will lose about what percentage of its nutrient content?
- 15 - 20%
- What is general term for a feed component that aids in the support of life?
- Nutrient
- What is the term for the amount of a nutrient found in feed?
- Crude or total nutrient
- What is the term for the part of each nutrient which is digested, taken into the body & used?
- Digestible nutrient
- What is the term for the part of the total or crude protein of a feed that can be used by the animal?
- Digestive protein
- What is the plant pigment that is the precursor of vitamin A?
- Carotene
- Simple carbohydrates are digested by enzymes in what part of the digestive system?
- Small intestines
- What type of carbohydrates would most commonly be found in roughages, mature pastures & hay?
- Complex carbohydrates
- Most cellulose is digested in what part of the digestive system?
- Large intestine & cecum
- Fats & oils are chemically alike except for what physical characteristic?
- Fats are solid at body temperature & oils are liquid
- Name one other function of fat other than to provide energy.
- Aid in absorption of fat soluble vitamins
- What is the term for the part of the ration that is a concentrated form of one or more of the essential nutrients?
- Supplement
- What is a feed stuff produced as a secondary product in the manufacturing of another feed, usually a grain?
- By-product feed
- Excess carbohydrates eaten are stored as what 2 sources?
- Muscle glycogen or fat
- Name the 3 main types of feeds.
- Forages, mixed feeds & concentrates
- Hay & grain contain approximately how much water?
- 10%
- What is the term for the feed supplied to a mature idle horse that will cause neither a weight gain or weight loss?
- Maintenance ration
- Simple carbohydrates are digested in the small intestine by what?
- Enzymes
- Complex carbohydrates are digested in the large intestine & cecum by what?
- Bacteria
- Amino acids can be made up of what 5 elements?
- Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen & sometimes sulfur, phosphorus or iron
- How many different amino acids are found in the horse's diet?
- 23
- How many essential amino acids are in the horse's diet?
- 10
- How many non-essential amino acids are in the horse's diet?
- 13
- Which of the essential amino acids is the most important to the horse?
- Lysine
- Lysine is the most important essential amino acid to the horse, which is the second most important?
- Threonine
- The type & arrangement of what, within a protein determines the quality of the protein?
- Amino acids
- What type of amino acids can be built within the horse's body by breaking down & reconstructing the essential amino acids?
- Non-essential amino acids
- Proteins are considered higher in quality when they contain more of what?
- Essential amino acids
- Name the chemical elements that make up proteins.
- Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sometime sulfur, phosphorus & iron
- Why are there different levels of protein in grain mixtures?
- Protein levels in grain should compliment protein levels in the forages. Pastures/hays with lots of legumes require less protein in grain mix. Mature grasses have lower protein level & require more protein in the grain. Growing foals need more protein
- Which type of nutrient is most important to increase in the diet of the horse that is increasing the amount of work it is performing?
- Carbohydrates & fats (energy nutrients)
- Name 3 different body tissues that use protein from the diet.
- Muscle, skin, hair, bones, internal organs, blood, hooves
- What are the 2 main types of vitamins?
- Fat-soluble & water soluble
- Name the 4 fat soluble vitamins.
- A, D, E & K
- Which vitamins are considered to be water soluble vitamins?
- Vitamin C & B-complex
- In what 2 parts of the body, are fat soluble vitamins stored?
- Fat cells & liver
- Which type of vitamins are not stored in the body & excreted with water?
- Water soluble vitamins
- Which 2 vitamins are essential in the diet, because they can not be manufactured in the horse's body?
- Vitamins A & E
- Name 2 vitamins that are produced by metabolic reactions inside the horse's body.
- Vitamins C & D, niacin
- Name 2 vitamins that are produced by bacteria in the horse's cecum & large colon?
- All of the B vitamins & vitamin K
- All of the B vitamins & Vitamin K are produced by bacteria that live in what 2 parts of the horse?
- Cecum & large colon
- Which vitamin is responsible for eye function, bone development & proper formation of cells?
- Vitamin A
- Which vitamin is responsible for bone formation, proper absorption & body used of calcium & phosphorus?
- Vitamin D
- Which vitamin enhances immunity?
- Vitamin E
- Which vitamin aids in blood clotting?
- Vitamin K
- Which vitamin is lost as hay ages for longer than one year?
- Vitamin A
- What is another name for ascorbic acid?
- Vitamin C
- Which 2 vitamins works to protect the body & all cells from oxidation?
- Vitamin E & C
- What is the term for the burning of a substance to produce energy within the body?
- Oxidation
- Which vitamin can be produced by the horse's liver or kidneys?
- Vitamin C
- What is the general term for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, biotin, choline, folic acid & cobalamin?
- B-complex vitamins
- Name the vitamin that man's body can not manufacture but a horse can produce it in it's liver & kidneys?
- Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
- What part of the horse produces vitamin D when exposed to sunlight?
- Skin
- What is a good source of vitamin A for a horse?
- Fresh pastures & hay
- What are 2 good sources of vitamin D for horses?
- Sun-cured forages & sunlight
- What is a good source of vitamin E for horses?
- Fresh green forages (some in hay & grains)
- Name 2 good sources of vitamin K for horses?
- Pastures & hays (some is produce by bacteria that lives in cecum & large colon)
- What are the 2 main types of minerals?
- Macro-minerals & trace or micro-minerals
- What are the 5 main types of feed nutrients needed by a horse?
- Water, energy (carbohydrates & fats), protein, vitamins, minerals
- What does the initials, TDN stand for when talking about feed?
- Total digestible nutrients
- Name 3 vitamins needed in the horse's diet to keep the horse healthy.
- Vitamins A, B, C, D, E & K
- Name 3 of the most important energy-rich grains fed to horses.
- Corn, oats, barley & milo
- Which 2 minerals are essential to bone formation, bone maintenance & strength of the skeletal system?
- Calcium & phosphorus
- In addition to bone formation & maintenance, which mineral is also necessary for proper muscle contraction & relaxation?
- Calcium
- In addition to bone formation & maintenance, which mineral is also involved in the transfer of energy throughout the body?
- Phosphorus
- Which mineral is a component of bones & teeth & plays an important role in muscle contraction & metabolism of nutrients?
- Magnesium
- Which mineral is required for the productions of some amino acids & vitamins?
- Sulfur
- Which mineral is a component of insulin?
- Sulfur
- Which hormone is needed to regulate blood sugar concentration?
- Insulin
- Which mineral is required for regulation of osmotic pressure of the cells?
- Sodium
- Which mineral is required for digestion in the stomach as hydrochloric acid?
- Chloride
- Which mineral helps keep bone & blood vessel elastic & plays a role in the production of melanin?
- Copper
- Which mineral helps bone growth & is involved with protein & carbohydrate utilization?
- Zinc
- Which mineral is required for the hemoglobin molecule that carries oxygen in the blood?
- Iron
- Which mineral is needed for carbohydrate & fat metabolism & helps to build cartilage?
- Manganese
- Which mineral is needed for production of hormones in the thyroid gland?
- Iodine
- Which mineral works with vitamin E to protect the body tissue & maintains muscle coordination?
- Selenium
- What mineral is needed for the production of cobalamine, a B-complex vitamin?
- Cobalt
- What is cobalamine?
- A B-complex vitamin
- If feeding a protein supplement is high in energy value, why not always add it to a ration?
- It is useless if protein requirements are complete in balanced rations, it is expensive & can cause digestive upsets.
- Spring pastures can be quite laxative, which type of pastures tend to be the most laxative?
- Legume pastures
- What are 2 different kinds of salt used for horses?
- White salt & trace mineral salt
- What do the initials, TDN stand for?
- Total digestible nutrients
- Name 4 by-product feeds from the grain milling industry commonly used in horse feeds.
- Wheat bran, rice bran, wheat middlings, rye middlings
- Oats nutritional value varies considerably due to the proportions of what 2 parts of the grain?
- Fibrous hull to nutritious inner kernel of grain
- Before purchasing hay, it is a good idea to do what simple test of quality?
- Open several bales & examine them for quality
- Name 3 nutrients that are found in higher levels in legumes than grasses.
- Protein, energy, calcium, phosphorus
- What is the term for a colorized salt with small amounts of minerals?
- Trace mineral salt
- Because it is sticky, sweet & smells good, this is added to a grain ration to increase the appetite of the horse, what is it?
- Molasses
- Name 2 ways barley can be fed to horses.
- Rolled or ground
- Since barley can cause colic if fed alone, it should be mixed with at least what percent of oats?
- At least 25% oats
- Other than a source of nutrition, what is another use of a pasture?
- Exercise
- Of the following which 2 will have the highest percentage of TDN: grains, grasses, hays, protein supplements?
- Grains & protein supplements
- What is the safest & easiest grain to feed?
- Oats
- What grain is higher in protein & fiber but lower in energy than corn?
- Oats
- Name 4 commonly used mineral supplements added to horse feed.
- Salt, iodized salt, ground limestone, steamed bone meal, dicalcium phosphate
- Of the 4 most commonly used protein supplements, which one is the lowest in protein & usually is not the most economical source of protein?
- Linseed meal
- Name 2 problems that can be caused by heavy rain on nearly cured mowed hay.
- Loss of carotene (vitamin A), carbohydrates & protein
- Why should salt be available to horse at all times, especially in the summer?
- They lose significant amounts of salt in sweat, which may not be replaced by the grain portion of the ration alone
- What is the term for the number of horses that can be properly grazed on a plot of land?
- Carrying capacity
- Which hays tend to be the most dusty?
- Pure legumes