Griffin Tech A&P 101, chp 12 Blood

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What are the three function of blood?: Transportation, Regulation, and protection
Function of blood that transports nutrients and vitamins to cells and waste product from cells?: Transportation
Function of the blood for body temperature, PH, fluid balance?: Regulation
Function of blood done by carrying the cells and antibodies to protect against infection?: Protection
Two main components of blood?: Plasma, Formed elements
Component of blood that is the liquid part of blood?: Plasma
Component of blood that includes cells and cell fragments?: Formed elements
Plasma is what percentage of H2O?: 90%
Subcomponent of plasma important in maintaining healthy tissues?: Proteins
Four types of blood plasma protein?: Albumin, clotting factors, anti-bodies, complement
Type of plasma protein that maintains proper pressure in blood?: Albumin
Type of plasms protein necessary for blood coagulation?: Clotting Factor
Type of plasma protein that fight infections?: Anti-bodies
Type of plasma protein whose enzymes help maintain the anti-bodies that fight infection?: Complement
Type of formed element that are known as RBC?: Erythrocytes
Type of formed element known as WBC?: Leukocytes
Type of formed element are cell fragment?: Platelets
What type of tissue is blood classified as?: A connective tissue
Why is blood a connective tissue?: Because it consists of cells suspended in an intercellular background material, or matrix.
What is the main difference between regular connective tissue and blood?: Blood cells move freely, are not fixed, move freely in plasma (liquid)
Oxygen from inhaled air diffuses into the blood through?: Thin membrane in the lungs
How do the nutrients to support cells enter the blood stream?: The digestive system or storage reserves
How is the waste expelled from the blood stream?: By kidneys, liver, lungs
Blood carries hormones from the secreting origin to?: Target tissues
What help keeps the PH of blood?: Buffers
The PH of blood is?: 7.35-7.45 PH
Blood regulates the amount of fluid in the ?: Tissues
Which substances maintain osmotic pressure?: Mainly proteins
The blood transports heat produced by the?: muscles
Erythrocytes transport?: Oxygen to cells and tissue
Leukocytes protect agains?: Infection
Thrombocytes or Platelets do what?: participate in blood clotting
What is the percentage of plasma in whole blood?: 55%
What is the percentage of formed elements in whole blood?: 45%
Of the 55% plasma, what percentage are proteins?: 8%
Of the 55% plasma, what percentage is water?: 91%
Of the 45% of formed elements, what % is leukocytes and platelets?: 0.9%
Of the 45% of formed elements, what is % of erythrocytes?: 99.1 %
The most abundant protein in plasma?: Albumin
Type of blood proteins, manufactured in the liver?: Albumin, clotting factor
Type of blood protein important in maintaining osmotic pressure?: Albumin
Anti-bodies are made by certain ?: Leukocytes WBC
The remaining ___% of plasma consists of nutrients, electrolytes, and other materials that must be transported?: 1%
Next to water what is the most abundant type of substance in plasma?: RBC erythrocytes
Tiny biconcave disks without a nucleus?: RBC
Iron containing protein that binds to oxygen in the blood?: Hemoglobin
Larger than RBC with prominent nucleus?: WBC
Leukocytes can be segmented or ?: granulocyte
Leukocytes can be unsegmented or?: agranulocyte (a=without)
Fragment of large cell or megakaryocyte are description of?: Platelets
The principle carbohydrate found in plasma is?: glucose
All of the blood formed elements are produced in ?: Red bone marrow
The ancestors of all the blood cells are called?: hematopoietic stem cells
These cells have the potential to develop into any of the blood types produced within red marrow?: Hematopoietic stem cells
Anuclear=: without nucleus
What give blood its' red color?: Hemoglobin bound to oxygen
Enzymes that exist to battle pathogens?: Compliment
The watery fluid that remains after a blood clot is removed?: Serum
The most abundant type of white blood cell in whole blood?: Neutrophils
A mature mononcyte?: Macrophage
A lymphocyte that produces antibodies?: Plasma cell
A leukocyte that stains with acidic dyes?: Eosinophils
The largest blood luekocyte?: monocyte
A substance that often accumulates when leukocytes are actively destroying bacteria?: Pus
A plasma protein that is activated to form a blood clot?: fibrinogen
An enzyme that triggers the final clotting mechanism?: Prothrombinase
The process by which cell become clumped when mixed with a specific antiserum?: Agglutination
Contraction of smooth muscles in the blood vessel wall?: Vasoconstriction
Another term for profuse bleeding?: hemorrhage
A protein in blood cells that causes incompatibility reactions?: Antigen
The blood antigen involved in a hemolytic disease of newborn, which results from a blood incompatibility between a mother and fetus?: Rh Factor
The procedure for removing plasma and returning formed elements to the donor?: plasmapheresis
The procedure for removing specific components and returning the remainder of the blood to the donor?: hemopheresis
Blood donated by an individual for use by the same individual?: autologous
The volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood?: Hematocrit
The administration of blood or blood components from one person to another?: transfusion
Plasma can be given to anyone without danger of incompatibility because it lacks?: Red cells
Polymorphs, PMNs and segs are alternate names for?: Neutrophils
Blood clotting occurs in a complex series of steps, the substance that finally forms the clot is?: Fibrin
An Rh incompatibility problem occurs when?: the mother is Rh negative and the fetus is Rh positive
Intrinsic factor is?: A substance needed for absorption of vitamin B12
Electrophoresis is?: A process by which normal and abnormal types of hemoglobin can be seperated
An immature neutrophil?: Band cell
Blood that contains antibodies against A antigen is termed?: Type B
The conversion of prothrombin requires the element?: Calcium
The gas that is necessary for life and is transported to all parts of the body by the blood is?: Oxygen (O)
The most important function of blood lymphocytes is to engulf disease-producing organisms by the process called?: phagocytosis (phag=eat, cyte=cell, osis=condition of)
The chemical element that characterizes hemoglobin?: Iron (Fe)
What type of blood contains anitbodies to both A and B antigens?: Type O
Substances that induce blood clotting are called?: procoagulants
Twelve substances designated by roman numerals that regulate blood clotting?: Clotting Factors
Visual count of blood cells is completed by using a microscope and a special slide called?: hemocytometer
In the formed elements of blood, how many eythrocytes per microliter of blood?: 5 million
In the formed elements of blood, how many leukocytes per microliter of blood?: 5,000 to 10,000
In the formed elements of blood, how many platelets per microliter of blood?: 150,000 to 450,000
Mature erythrocytes are constantly replaced because?: They cannot divide and they have not nucleus
After leaving the bone marrow to circulate in the blood stream, these RBC are in the body for how many days?: 120
RBC are destroyed by which organs?: Liver and spleen
Which hormone is released from the kidneys in response to a decrease in oxygen supply?: Eryhtopoietin (EPO)
Which vitamins are required for the production of DNA?: B (B12)
Which minerals are important in hemoglobin production?: Copper and Iron
Why is Vitamin C important from the small intestines?: For proper absorption of Fe
Red blood cells are modified to carry a maximum amount of hemoglobin, what is the main function of hemoglobin?: Delivers oxygen to all parts of the body via the bloodstream
Luekocytes differ in appearance from erythrocytes due to?: They contain prominent nuclei of varying shapes and sizes, the cells are round
Luekocytes differ in color because they tend to be?: Colorless
How are leukocytes identified?: By their size, shape of nucleus, appearance of granules in the cytoplasm when stained
The most common stain used for blood is called?: Wright Stain
A mixture of dyes that differentiates the various blood cells?: Wright Stain
The granules in the leukocytes are?: Lysosomes and other secretory vesicles
Two cataegories of leukocytes?: Granulocyte and Agranulocyte
This category of leukocytes has a very distinctive, highly segmented nucleus?: Granulocyte
Type of Granulocytes?: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
Type of granulocyte that is stained with both acidic and basic dyes, and shows lavender granules?: neutrophils
Type of granulocyte that is stained with acidic dyes and have beadlike, bright pink granules?: Eosinophils
Type of granulocyte that is stained with basic dyes and have large, dark blue granules that often obsure the nucleus?: Basophils
The relative percentage of neutrophils in an adult?: 54-65%
The main function of neutrophils is?: Phagocytosis
Relatic percentage of Eosinophils in an adult?: 1-3%
The main function of eosinophils is?: Allergic reactions; defense against parasites
Relative percentage of basophils in an adult?: Less that 1%
Main function of Basophils?: Allergic reactions: Inflammatory reactions
Type of granulocyte that nuclei are various shapes?: Neutrophils
Before reaching maturity these type of granulocytes become segmented and the nucleus looks like a thick curved band?: Band cells (immature cells of neutrophils)
An increase in the number of band cells also called stab or staff cells may?: Indicate an infection
What types of granulocytes increase in numbers during allergic reactions?: Eosinophils and basophils
Type of leukocytes that lack easily visible granules?: Agranulocytes
Their nuclei are round and curved and are not segmented?: agranulocytes
Types of agranulocytes?: Lymphocytes and monocytes
The second most numerous white cell?: Lymphocytes
Type of agranulocyted that originates in the bone marrow but matures in lymhoid tissue?: Lymphocytes
Type of agranulocyte that circulate in the lymphatic system and are active in immunity?: Lymphocytes
The largest of the wbc?: Monocytes
Type of blood cell that clear the body of foreign material and cellular debris?: Leukocytes
The engulfing of foreign matter is termed?: phagocytosis
A mixture of dead and living bacteria together with dead and living leukocytes forms?: Pus
A collection of pus localized in one area is?: abcess
Mature monocyte?: macrophage
The smallest formed element?: Platelets (thrombocytes)
Are not cells in themselves, but rather fragments constantly released from giant bone marrow cells?: platelets
Giant bone marrow cells?: Megakaryocytes
Formed element that does not have nuclei or DNA but contain enzymes and mitochondria?: platelets
Life span of a platelet?: 10 days
Life span of a leukocyte?: 6-8 hours
The process that prevents blood loss from the circulation when a blood vessel is ruptured by an injury?: Hemostasis
Events in hemostasis?: Contraction, platelet plug, blood clot
Reduces the flow of blood and loss from the defect in the vessel wall Or vasoconstriction?: Contraction
Activated platelets become sticky and adhere to the defect to form a temporary plug?: Platelet plug
When injured what type of coagulant is activated?: procoagulant
A substance that triggers the final clotting mechanism?: prothrombinase
Calcium is needed to convert blood into?: thrombin
Converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin?: Thrombin
Forms a network of threads that entraps plasma and blood cell to form a clot?: fibrin
Contains all the components of blood EXCEPT the clotting factor?: Serum
What happens when fibrigen converts to fibrin?: Forms a clot
Certain proteins on the surface of the red cells cause incompatibility reactions in types of blood called?: Antigens or agglutinogens
Name the four blood types involving the A and B antigens?: A, B, AB, and O
If only the A antigen is present then the persons type of blood is?: Type A
If only the B antigen is present then the persons type of blood is?: Type B
Blood type that has both A and B antigens?: AB
Blood type that doesn't have any antigens?: O
Type A reacts with which antiserum?: Anti-A
Type A plasma antibodies?: Anti-B
Type A can receive blood from?: Type A and O
Type a Can donated to?: A, AB
Type B reacts with antiserum?: Anti-B
Type B plasma antibodies?: Anti-A
Type B can receive blood from?: B, O
Type B can donate blood to?: B, AB
Type AB reacts to which antiserum?: Anti-A, Anti-B
Type AB plasma antibodies?
Type AB can recieve from?: AB, A, B, O
Type AB can donate to?: AB
Type O antigen?: NONE
Type O Antiserum?: NONE
Type O plasma antibodies?: Anti-A, Anti-B
Type O can receive from?: O
Type O can donate to?: O, A, B, AB
Blood serum containing antibodies that can agglutinate and destroy red cells with B antigen?: Anti-B serum
Blood serum containing antibodies that can agglutinate and destroy cells with A antigen?: Anti-A serum
People with type O blood are called?: Universal DONORS
People with type AB blood are called?: Universal RECIPIENTS
Why is Type O blood considered universal donor?: It doesn't contain A or B antigens
Why is Type AB considered universal recipient?: Contains no antibodies to agglutinate red cells
Named for Rhesus monkeys?: Rh Factor
Also known as the D antigen?: Rh Factor
People with the D antigen are considered?: Rh Positive
People without the D antigen are considered?: Rh Negative
HDN=: Hemolytic disease of the newborn
HMD is also called?: erythroblastosis fetalis
The disease when a mothers Rh antibodies pass to the fetus and destroy the fetus's red blood cells?: HMD
HMD is prevented by administering what immune globin?: RhD
To keep blood from clotting at a blood bank, what solution is added?: CPDA-1 (citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine)
Blood may be stored for how many days?: 35 days
A machine that spins in a circle at high speed to separate components of a mixture according to density?: Centrifuge
Can be used alone in an emergency to replace blood volume and prevent circulatory failure (shock)?: Plasma
Plasma can be separated by chemical means into?: plasma protein fraction, serum albumin, immune serum, and clotting factors
Cell free isotonic solutions used to maintain blood fluid volume to prevent circulatory shock?: Plasma expanders
A white precipitate which forms of frozen blood plasma bags?: cryoprecipitate
The normal range for hematocrit in adult men is?: 42-54%
The normal range for hematocrit in adult women is?: 36-46%
A decrease in hemoglobin to below normal levels signifies?: Anemia
Normal and abnormal types of hemoglobin can be separated and measured by what process?: electrophoresis
A ruled slide used to count the cells in a given volume of blood under the microscope?: hemocytometer
An increase in red cell count is termed?: Polycythemia
A decrease in the red cell count is termed?: Anemia
When the white cell count is below 5000 cells per mL?: Leukopenia
When the white cell count exceeds 10,000 cells per mL?: leukocytosis
CBC=: Complete Blood Count
The name given a erythrocyte prior to leaving the marrow and entering the bloodstream?: reticulocytes
A decreased platelet count is termed?: thromocytopenia
What type of blood component contains anti bodies?: Gamma globulin
What are two types of hemoglobin tests?: color test and electrophoresis
Red blood cells live how many days?: 120 Days
The circulating platelets can live how many days?: 10 days
Also known as agglutinins?: Antibodies (Ab)
Also known as agglutinogens?: Antigens (Ag)
Substance produced in response to a specific antigen?: Antibodies
Foreign substance that produces an immune response?: Antigens
NLMEB=: Greatest to smalles White blood cells=Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils

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Griffin Tech A&amp;P 101, chp 12 Blood

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Griffin Tech A&P 101, chp 12 Blood