Chapter 20 vocab
Terms
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- Denaturation
- For DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Denaturation occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature.
- DNA fingerprinting
- An individual's unique collection of DNA restriction fragments, detected by electrophoresis and nucleic acid probes
- DNA ligase
- A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing chain.
- DNA microarray assay
- A method to detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes at one time. Tiny amounts of a large number of single-stranded DNA fragments representing different genes are fixed to a glass slide and tested for hybridization with samples of labeled cDNA.
- Electroporation
- A technique to introduce recombinant DNA into cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing cells. The electricity creates temporary holes in the cells' plasma membranes, through which DNA can enter.
- Gel electrophoresis
- The separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel.
- Genetic engineering
- the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes
- Genetically modified organism(GMO)
- an organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means; aka transgenic organism
- Human Genome Project
- An international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome.
- Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)
- A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, DNA polymerase molecules, and nucleotides.
- Proteomics
- The systematic study of the full protein sets (proteomes) encoded by genomes.
- Recombinant DNA
- A DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources.
- Restriction Enzyme
- A degradative enzyme that recognizes and cuts up DNA (including that of certain phages) that is foreign to a bacterium.
- Restriction Fragment Polymorphism(RFLP)
- Differences in DNA sequence on homologous chromosomes that can result in different patterns of restriction fragment lengths (DNA segments resulting from treatment with restriction enzymes); useful as genetic markers for making linkage maps.
- RNA interference(RNAi)
- A technique to silence the expression of selected genes in nonmammalian organisms. The method uses synthetic double-stranded RNA molecules matching the sequence of a particular gene to trigger the breakdown of the gene's messenger RNA.
- Single Nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)
- one base-pair variation in the genome sequence
- Southern Blotting
- A hybridization technique that enables researchers to determine the presence of certain nucleotide sequences in a sample of DNA.
- Sticky End
- A single-stranded end of a double-stranded DNA restriction fragment.