Chapter 35-Drugs for Fungal, Protozoal, and Helminthic Infections
Terms
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- fungi
- Single-celled or multicellular organisms that are more complex than bacteria.
- ergosterol
- The steroid present in the plasma membrane of fungi.
- Metronidazole (Flagyl)
- This medication would more likely be used in the treatment of travelers' diarrhea, a condition caused by protozoans that thrive in Africa, South America, and Asia.
- Mebendazole (Vermox)
- The drug of choice for the treatment of a wide range of helminth infections.
- Key concept
- Antifungal medications act by disrupting aspects of growth or metabolism that are unizue to these organisms.
- merozoites
- When plasmodium multiplies in the liver it transforms into progeny also called.
- Some of the newer antifungal agents may be used for
- Superficial and Systemic infections
- Key concept
- Malaria is the most common protozoal disease and required multidrug therapy owing to the complicated life cycle of the parasite. Drugs may be administered for prophylaxis, and therapy for acute attacks and prevention of relapses.
- Key concept
- Helminths are parasitic worms that cause significant disease in certain regions of the world. The goals of pharmacotherapy are to kill the parasites locally and to disrupt their life cycle.
- Undecylenic acid (Cruex, Desenex)
- athletes foot, diaper rash
- dermatophytic
- What superficial fungal infections are sometimes called.
- Butoconazole (Femstat)
- vaginal mycoses
- Amphotericin B (Fungizone)
- Is not widespread use for systemic fungal infections.
- dysentery
- A severe from of diarrhea.
- nail infection
- Superficial antifungal drugs are ineffective in this disorder.
- Nystatin (Mycostatin)
- This drug is used to treat candidiasis which affects the skin, vagina, and mouth. It is available in a wide variety of formulations including cream, ointment, powder, tablets, and lozenges.
- helminths
- Consist of various species of parasitic worms.
- Econazole nitrate (Spectazole)
- skin mycoses
- Systemic mycoses typically affect the...
- lungs, brains, and digestive organs
- phlebitis
- The most common side effect of systemic amphotericin B therapy.
- Metronidazole (Flagyl)
- The drug of choice for the treatment of most forms of amebiasis.
- Patients with intact immune defenses are afflicted with community-acquired infections such as...
- Sporotrichosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, and histoplasmosis.
- azoles act by
- Inhibiting ergosterol synthesis, causing the fungal plasma membrane to become porous or leaky.
- Key concept
- Antifungal drugs to treat superficial mycoses may be given topically or orally. They exhibit few serious side effects and are effective in treating infections of the skin, nails, and mucous membranes.
- Aspergillus fumigatus
- systemic infection
- Key concept
- Fungi have more complex physiology than bacteria and are unaffected by most antibiotics. Most serious fungal infections occur in clients with suppressed immune defenses.
- CHloroquine (Aralen)
- This medication was considered the drug of choice for the treatment of malaria for over 60 years. It has been replaced by other antimalarials due to the frequency of resistance.
- erythrocytic stage of infection
- When the merozoites infect RBS's, which eventually rupture, releasing more merozoites, and causing severe fever and chills.
- oral and parenteral medications
- Systemic mycoses are frequently quite severe and affect more than one body system. They often require which type of treatment.
- Sporothrix schenckii
- topical infection
- Instruct the patient that all family members need to be treated at the same time to prevent reinfestation.
- Patient education for the treatment of helminths.
- Amphotericin B (Fungizone)
- Has been the drug of choice for many years in the treatment of systemic fungal infections.
- Key concept
- FUngal infections are classified as superficial (affecting hair, skin, nails, and mucous membranes) or systemic (affecting internal organs).
- azoles
- The largest class of antifungals.
- Coccidioides immitis
- systemic infection
- mycoses
- Fungal diseases.
- Key concept
- Treatment of non-Plasmodium protozoal disease requires a different set of medications from those used for malaria. Other protozoal diseases that may be indications for pharmacotherapy include amebiasis, toxoplasmosis, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, trichomoniasis, trypanosomiasis, and leishmaniasis.
- yeasts
- Which include the common pathogen Candida albicans, are unicellular fungi.
- orally
- The major advantage of the azoles is that they may be administered...
- large intestine and liver
- These organs are invaded by amebiasis and frequently cause severe ulcers and/or abscesses.
- dermatophytic
- Superficial fungal infections.
- Fungal infections acquired in nosocomial settings will more likely be...
- Candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, and mucormycosis.
- Key concept
- Systemic mycoses affect internal organs and may require prolonged and aggressive drug therapy. Amphotericin B (Fungizone) is the traditional drug of choice for serious fungal infections.
- influenza
- This disorder include antifungal drugs in it's treatment regimen, but is not related to a fungal infection.
- Nystatin (Mycostatin, others)
- candidiasis
- Flucytosine (Ancobon)
- severe systemic infections
- Mucorales
- systemic infection
- Epidermophyton floccosum
- topical infection
- poverty level income
- The sociologic factor that the nurse would need to evaluate in relationship to parasitic infections.
- Key concept
- The azole class of antifungal drugs has become widely used in the pharmacotherapy of both systemic and superficial mycoses owing to a favorable safety profile.
- Histoplasma capsulatum
- systemic infection
- Griseofulvin (Fulvicin)
- ringworm, skin, and nail infections
- mycoses
- What fungal disease are referred to.
- malaria
- Caused by four species of the protozoan Plasmodium.