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Chapter 35-Drugs for Fungal, Protozoal, and Helminthic Infections

Terms

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fungi
Single-celled or multicellular organisms that are more complex than bacteria.
ergosterol
The steroid present in the plasma membrane of fungi.
Metronidazole (Flagyl)
This medication would more likely be used in the treatment of travelers' diarrhea, a condition caused by protozoans that thrive in Africa, South America, and Asia.
Mebendazole (Vermox)
The drug of choice for the treatment of a wide range of helminth infections.
Key concept
Antifungal medications act by disrupting aspects of growth or metabolism that are unizue to these organisms.
merozoites
When plasmodium multiplies in the liver it transforms into progeny also called.
Some of the newer antifungal agents may be used for
Superficial and Systemic infections
Key concept
Malaria is the most common protozoal disease and required multidrug therapy owing to the complicated life cycle of the parasite. Drugs may be administered for prophylaxis, and therapy for acute attacks and prevention of relapses.
Key concept
Helminths are parasitic worms that cause significant disease in certain regions of the world. The goals of pharmacotherapy are to kill the parasites locally and to disrupt their life cycle.
Undecylenic acid (Cruex, Desenex)
athletes foot, diaper rash
dermatophytic
What superficial fungal infections are sometimes called.
Butoconazole (Femstat)
vaginal mycoses
Amphotericin B (Fungizone)
Is not widespread use for systemic fungal infections.
dysentery
A severe from of diarrhea.
nail infection
Superficial antifungal drugs are ineffective in this disorder.
Nystatin (Mycostatin)
This drug is used to treat candidiasis which affects the skin, vagina, and mouth. It is available in a wide variety of formulations including cream, ointment, powder, tablets, and lozenges.
helminths
Consist of various species of parasitic worms.
Econazole nitrate (Spectazole)
skin mycoses
Systemic mycoses typically affect the...
lungs, brains, and digestive organs
phlebitis
The most common side effect of systemic amphotericin B therapy.
Metronidazole (Flagyl)
The drug of choice for the treatment of most forms of amebiasis.
Patients with intact immune defenses are afflicted with community-acquired infections such as...
Sporotrichosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, and histoplasmosis.
azoles act by
Inhibiting ergosterol synthesis, causing the fungal plasma membrane to become porous or leaky.
Key concept
Antifungal drugs to treat superficial mycoses may be given topically or orally. They exhibit few serious side effects and are effective in treating infections of the skin, nails, and mucous membranes.
Aspergillus fumigatus
systemic infection
Key concept
Fungi have more complex physiology than bacteria and are unaffected by most antibiotics. Most serious fungal infections occur in clients with suppressed immune defenses.
CHloroquine (Aralen)
This medication was considered the drug of choice for the treatment of malaria for over 60 years. It has been replaced by other antimalarials due to the frequency of resistance.
erythrocytic stage of infection
When the merozoites infect RBS's, which eventually rupture, releasing more merozoites, and causing severe fever and chills.
oral and parenteral medications
Systemic mycoses are frequently quite severe and affect more than one body system. They often require which type of treatment.
Sporothrix schenckii
topical infection
Instruct the patient that all family members need to be treated at the same time to prevent reinfestation.
Patient education for the treatment of helminths.
Amphotericin B (Fungizone)
Has been the drug of choice for many years in the treatment of systemic fungal infections.
Key concept
FUngal infections are classified as superficial (affecting hair, skin, nails, and mucous membranes) or systemic (affecting internal organs).
azoles
The largest class of antifungals.
Coccidioides immitis
systemic infection
mycoses
Fungal diseases.
Key concept
Treatment of non-Plasmodium protozoal disease requires a different set of medications from those used for malaria. Other protozoal diseases that may be indications for pharmacotherapy include amebiasis, toxoplasmosis, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, trichomoniasis, trypanosomiasis, and leishmaniasis.
yeasts
Which include the common pathogen Candida albicans, are unicellular fungi.
orally
The major advantage of the azoles is that they may be administered...
large intestine and liver
These organs are invaded by amebiasis and frequently cause severe ulcers and/or abscesses.
dermatophytic
Superficial fungal infections.
Fungal infections acquired in nosocomial settings will more likely be...
Candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, and mucormycosis.
Key concept
Systemic mycoses affect internal organs and may require prolonged and aggressive drug therapy. Amphotericin B (Fungizone) is the traditional drug of choice for serious fungal infections.
influenza
This disorder include antifungal drugs in it's treatment regimen, but is not related to a fungal infection.
Nystatin (Mycostatin, others)
candidiasis
Flucytosine (Ancobon)
severe systemic infections
Mucorales
systemic infection
Epidermophyton floccosum
topical infection
poverty level income
The sociologic factor that the nurse would need to evaluate in relationship to parasitic infections.
Key concept
The azole class of antifungal drugs has become widely used in the pharmacotherapy of both systemic and superficial mycoses owing to a favorable safety profile.
Histoplasma capsulatum
systemic infection
Griseofulvin (Fulvicin)
ringworm, skin, and nail infections
mycoses
What fungal disease are referred to.
malaria
Caused by four species of the protozoan Plasmodium.

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