Edema
Terms
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- Edema
- swelling from fluids
- The 4 possible causes of edema:
- increased capillary permeability, decreased capillary oncotic pressure, increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, and lymph obstruction
- During increased capillary permeability___ escape from the vascular bed and produce edema.
- proteins
- During decreased capillary oncotic pressure and a gain in___ edema can occur.
- intersitial fluid proteins
- Decreases capillary oncotic pressure is usually associated with:
- inflammation or the immune response
- Decrease in___ contributes to the decrease in plasma oncotic pressure. Decrease of oncotic attraction of fluid within capillary causes___.
-
plasma albumin concentration
fluid to move into the interstitial space - Examples of the result in decreases oncotic pressure:
- loss of plasma proteins, cirosis of the liver, malnurished, kidney disease, hemorage, drainage clear from wound.
- Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure can be caused by:
- obstruction (vein blood clot), salt and water retention, conjestive heart failure, and renal disease
- The function of lymph
- picks uf\p fluid at the capillary bed
- Causes of lymph obstruction:
- cancer (removal of lymphnodes/lymphodema), infection or parasite, trauma, radiation therapy
- The 9 clinical manifestations of edema:
- swelling of area, pain from swelling, tighter clothes, weight gain, limited movement of extremity, hypertension, dyspnea, decreased hematocrit, decreased serum proteins
- During edema accumulation of fluid:
- increases distance required for nutrients, oxygen, and water to move between capillaries and tissue.
- Increased tissue pressure may:
- diminish capillary blood flow and put pressure on nerves and muscles.
- Decreased capillary blood flow can make:
- wound healing take longer which increases the risk of an infection and an increase in the formation of pressure ulcers
- The pitting edema grade scale:
- trace to 4+
- Pitting edema is determined by:
- an indentation formed when pressed upon
- How long the indention stays is how:
- pitting edema is graded
- Pitting edema can result from:
- heart failure and acute renal failure
- Brawney edema is a result of:
- chronic venous incompentence
- Chronic veinous incompentence
- veins do not work as well as they used to
- Brawney edema can result from:
- renal disease
- Brawney edema makes:
- skin thicker, usually below the knees and a brownish skin discoloration
- Brawney edema may:
- pit
- An example of nonpitting edema
- when it is hot and your hands swell
- Nonpitting edema does not make:
- an indentation
- Nonpitting edema is related to:
- heat, sodium and fluid retention, and veins not working right
- Dependent edema is most common in:
- the feet (plane ride)
- If dependent edema is found on an already ill person:
- find other sources
- An example of dependent edema:
- when a patient is in bed most of the time their sacrel area or their calves may swell
- Anasarca
- generalized third spacing of fluid all over body
- As with anasarca, when the third space is not available for the body to use the patient may become___.
- dehydrated as with burn patients
- Ascites
- third spacing in peritineal space (abdomen)
- To evaluate and treat edema you should:
- treat the underlying cause, evaluate affected extremity, apply support hose, give or restrict fluid and diuretics.
- Edema can also occur in the:
- organs
- Ceberal edema
- swelling of the brain and increased intercranial pressure
- Ceberal edema can be caused by:
- trauma, surgery, and cancer
- Pulmonary edema
- swelling of the lung tissue
- pleural effusion
- fluid trapped in the pleural space
- Plumonary edema and pleural effusion cause:
- pressure on the lungs which results in not good gas exchange
- Pericardial effusion
- fluid trapped in the pericardial space
- Pericardial effusion causes:
- compression on the heart thus resulting in the heart not being able to pump as well
- 2 liters of water =
- 2.2 kilograms of body weight