bio final exam extra
Terms
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- decomposers, assisting in the essential task of recycling nutrients in ecosystems
- fungi
- those who study fungi
- mycologist
- Food sources are digested externally, then absorbed into their cells.
- absorptive nutrition
- group or mass of hyphae
- mycelium
- filamentous vegetative structures
- hyphae
- an intimate association (symbiosis) between plant roots and fungal hyphae
- mycorrhizae
- fusion of cell membranes
- plasmogamy
- a mycelium with two genetically distinct nuclei
- dikaryon
- the two haploid nuclei fuse to form a highly transient diploid state
- karyogamy
- mostly aquatic, which is why they are often called "water fungi.
- Phylum Chytridiomycota
- has a thick wall that will allow it to survive inhospitable conditions (e.g., freezing temperatures, lack of moisture).
- zygosporangium
- a common bread mold
- Zygomycota
- ranges morphologically from unicellular yeasts to complex cup fungi.
- ascomycetes
- is the production of four to eight sexual spores in a microscopic sac-like cell called an ascus
- phylum Ascomycota
- contains fungi which are generally referred to as gilled fungi or gilled mushrooms; club fungi
- Phylum Basidiomycota
- animals are these three things
- motile, heterotrophic, and multicellular.
- how do animals store food?
- Animals are ingestive heterotrophs (i.e., they ingest nutrients). Unlike plants, who store their food as starch, animals store their food as glycogen
- when did animals come about?
- 700 million years ago
- first dichotomous branch point of the phylogenetic tree
- tissue organization: Parazoans lack true tissues, whereas eumetazoans have true tissues
- second dichotomous branch point of the phylogenetic tree of Kingdom Animalia
- separates the eumetazoans with radial symmetry (the radiata) from those with bilateral symmetry (the bilateria)
- triplo vs diplo, where is the split?
- bilatera are triploblastic, where radiata are diploblastic
- third major bifurcation of the phylogenetic tree of Kingdom Animalia
- coelomates vs acoelomates
- last major branch point of the phylogenetic tree of Kingdom Animalia
- protostomes vs deuterostomes
- spiral and determinate cell growth
- prostomes
- radial and indeterminate cell growth
- deuterostomes
- the capability of certain embryonic cells to form any type of adult cell.
- Totipotency
- The ________ is a clear pouch of cells created by the invagination during gastrulation, and the _________ is the opening to the pouch
- archenteron, blastopore
- The______is the first cavity that forms (once again, don't confuse "cavity" with "gut"). The _______ is the second cavity that forms; the archenteron is the cavity that will give rise to the gut in coelomates.
- blastocoel /archenteron
- The ___ are animals that lack true tissues.
- parazoa
- cnidaria have two general body plans:
- the polyp and the medusa. The polyp form is sessile, anchored to a substrate. The medusa form is motile.
- Cnidae that sting are called
- nematocysts
- includes aceolomates only, are flatworms
- Phylum Platyhelminthes includes aceolomates only.
- Cnidarians and flatworms both have
- a gut with a single opening
- The cells in a sponge that are used to trap food particles from circulating water are the
- choanocytes
- sea anemone brain is
- nonexistant
- pseudocoelomates that belong to the phylum Nematoda. This extremely diverse phylum includes some highly beneficial soil worms, as well as, some notorious pests and parasites.
- ROUNDworms
- includes snails, slugs, sea slugs, and nudibranchs.
- Class Gastropoda (meaning "stomach foot")
- ___includes mussels, oysters, and clams.
- Class Bivalvia. Bivalves have a reduced head and two hinged shells connected by strong adductor muscles.
- have a head surrounded by tentacles, which can be used for locomotion and grasping prey. The shells (also called pens) of squid and cuttlefish are reduced and internal.
- Cephalopods
- mollusk body plan consists of a
- muscular foot, a visceral mass, and a mantle. The foot is used for movement (especially in the gastropods) or as an anchor (as observed in chitons). The visceral mass houses most of the internal organs (e.g., the stomach, gonads, and heart). The mantle is the tissue layer that covers the visceral mass.
- (a rasping structure that is used to scrape food particles from hard surfaces)
- radula
- It is easy to detect segmentation in earthworms. The segments are physically separated internally by thin sheets of mesoderm-derived tissue, termed
- septa
- read me!
- Your recent lab exercise covered many of the main anatomical features of the earthworm. Note how the longitudinal blood vessels, nerve cords, and digestive tract all run the length of the body, whereas the pumping vessels (metanephridia) and ganglia are all arranged in segments
- Some _______ (e.g., slugs) are terrestrial and do not have a shell.
- gastropods
- roundworms belong to the phylum:
- nematoda
- A _____ _________is found in pseudocoelomates and some coelomates, including annelids, but not in insects.
- hydrostatic skeleton
- subphyla of antropods, (e.g., spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites)
- chelicerates
- subphyla of anthropods, are best distinguished by their claw-like feeding appendages
- arachnids
- This subgroup contains the majority of arthropod species, including Class Insecta.
- uniramians
- Members of which of the following phyla are most closely related to vertebrates?
- Echinoderms are coelomates and deuterostomes. This group of animals is classified in the phylum that branches closest to the vertebrates.
- what phylum has greatest diversity of animals?
- arthropod
- means unbranched
- uniramous
- describes when mature adults retain characteristics that were larval (juvenile) in their ancestors.
- paedomorphosis
- The use of existing structures for new and novel purposes is called
- exaptation.
- mammals that actually lay eggs and lack nipples.
- monotremes,
- The fossil record indicates that these characters arose in this order for mammals. (amniotic egg, hair, jaws, legs, vertebrae)
- vertebrae, jaws, legs, amniotic egg, hair