forestry 5 midterm
Terms
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- what resources are used in competition?
- -food, nesting sites, or shelter
- basic principles of change in forest ecosystems
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1. basic concepts
2. site factors
3. biotic interactions
4. historical factors - tolerant
-
(k-strategies)(k-selected)
=stress and shade tolerant, long lived, determinant growth, low productivity, seed reproduction - factors influencing later successional changes
-
-growth rate
-competition
-stress tolerance
-longevity/mortality
-later stage recruitment
-site changes -
basic concepts
environment can be divided into 2 distint facets -
1. biotic
2. abiotic - 2 factors influencing species establishment?
-
1. are reproductive propagules present?
2. can/will they germinate and survive? - stolan/rhizome
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stolan-above ground roots
rhizome- below ground roots - competition
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-r-strategies will initially be superior
-k-strategies grow slower but tolerate stress and live longerand in time become superior - growth rate
- -growth rates fast growing species will dominate early
- longevity/mortality
-
-death due to:
insects
disease
random disturbances
effects of animals
environmental extremes
- historical factors of a site(of a disturbance)
-
-severity
-frequency
-seasonality
-variablity - succession
-
=changes in communities over time
-forest from a juvenille to mature state
-abiotic and biotic factors are involved - describe successional patterns?
- -they are complex and variable, depending on many factors
- what other factors of autecology are important?
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-site factors
-site history
-disturbance frequency is important in all successional stages
- what do individual species play a major role in?
- -in the population dynamics
- abiotic
-
non-living parameters
(temp, light...) - mutualism
- =giving something to a tree and vice versa, benefiting each other
- niche
- -everything in the environment a tree needs to live
- stress tolerance
- -on poor sites, stress tolerant species will eventually dominate
- ruderal
-
(r-strategies)(r-selected)
=species come in quickly and take over, short lived, indeterminant growth, shade and stress intolerant, high productivity, vegetative reproduction - which type of competition is stronger?
-
intra-specific is stronger than inter-specific
intra- within same species
inter- 2 different species - 2 types of succession
-
1. primary- large area without vegetation ex. glaciers
2. secondary- existed ecosystem that was disturbed ex. by fire - autecology
- =understanding how species respond to (a)biotic stresses
- stages of succession
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-stand inititation stage
-stem exclusion stage
-understory reinitiation stage
-disturbance
-accelerated succession stage - positive interactions (symbiotic)
- -mutualism
- changes occuring in forest ecosystems include
-
1. changes in biological organisms that make up the community
2. change in physical structure of the forest
3. change in abiotic components of the ecosystem - site factors
- -abiotic and biotic aspects of the environment determine which species occupy a certain space
- biotic
-
-other living organisms
(competition, mutualism) - 2 types of biotic interactions
-
1. positive interactions (symbiotic)
2. negative interactions - negative interactions
- -parasitism and predation- one organism utilized by another as their energy source
- 2 life history strategies from a population ecology approach to succession
-
1. ruderal
2. tolerant